| Terms |
Definitions |
|
yuppies
|
...
|
|
Declaration of Independence date.
|
1776
|
|
Superdelegates
|
National party leaders who automatically get a delegate slot at the Democratic national convention.
|
|
Entitlements
|
Programs such as unemployment insurance, disaster relief, or disability payments that provide benefits to all eligible citizens.
|
|
standing committee
|
A permanent Congressional committee.
|
|
lobbyist
|
Registered professionals who work at political centers on behalf of interest groups.
|
|
Hatch Act
|
Federal statute barring federal employees from active participation in certain kinds of politics and protecting them from being fired on partisan grounds.
|
|
Independent Expenditures
|
Spending by political action committees, corporations, or labor unions that is done to help a party or candidate but is done independently of them.
|
|
Bicameral Legislature
|
legislature divided into 2 houses
|
|
Democracy
|
the doctrine that the numerical majority of an organized group can make decisions binding on the whole group
|
|
conventional participation
|
Political participation in activities deemed appropriate by most; includes voting, donating to a campaign, and writing letters to officeholders.
|
|
Dealignment
|
Weakening of partisan preferences that points to a rejection of both major parties and a rise in the number of Independents.
|
|
Deficit
|
The difference between the revenues raised annually from sources of income other than borrowing and the expenditures of government, including paying the interest on past borrowing.
|
|
party loyalty in recent years
|
has declined
|
|
Dual federalism
|
the earliest type of relationship established between the federal government and the states where the federal government's powers were defined as delegated and the state government's powers were reserved.
|
|
municipalities
|
the term for villages, towns, and cities in LA. Each of these areas has a government.
|
|
McCulloch v. Maryland
|
State can't tax federal government
|
|
Project grants
|
Federal categorical grants given for specific purposes and awarded on the basis of the merits of applications.
|
|
The Federalist
|
Essays promoting ratification of the Constitution, published anonymously by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison in 1787 and 1788.
|
|
Iron Triangle
|
a close relationship between an agency, a congressional committee, and an interest group
|
|
Fiscal year
|
A 12-month pd, October through Septmeber, for planning the federal budget
|
|
General election
|
election in which the officeholders are chosen. Contrast with a primary election,, in which only the candidates are chosen
|
|
Centralists
|
People who favor national action over action at the state and local levels.
|
|
political participation
|
Engaging in actions to achieve political goals.
|
|
Filibuster
|
a tactic for delaying or obstructing legislation by making long speeches
|
|
bail
|
the legal system that allows an accused person to be temporarily released from custody (usually on condition that a sum of money guarantees their appearance at trial)
|
|
The idea that people are underrepresented demographicallly should still retain some semblance of power is called?
|
minority rights
|
|
Categorical-formula grants
|
Congress appropriates funds for a specific purpose, such as school lunches or for building airports and highways. These funds are allocated by formula and are subject to detailed federal conditions, often on a matching basis; that is, the local government receiving the federal funds must put up some of its own dollars. Categorical grants, in addition, provide federal supervision to ensure that the federal dollars are spent as Congress wants.
|
|
policymaking institutions
|
The branches of government charged with taking action on political issues. The U.S. Constitution established three policymaking institutions-the congress, the presidency, and the courts. Today, the power of the bureaucracy is so great that most political scientist consider it a fourth policy making institution
|
|
hyperpluralism
|
a theory of government and politics that believes that groups are so strong in government, and contend so much, that they ultimately weaken government
|
|
moderate
|
a member of a political party advocating moderate reform.
|
|
Sixteenth Amendment
|
passed in 1913, permits Congress to levy an income tax.
|
|
collective good
|
Something of value (money, a tax write-off, prestige, clean air, and so on) that cannot be withheld from a group member.
|
|
Census
|
A recount of the population every ten years for purposes of reapportionment of the Congress
|
|
Ticket-splitting
|
voting with one party for one office and with another party for other offices. It has become the norm in American voting behavior.
|
|
The process by which an individual acquires a particular political orientation.
|
Political socialization
|
|
critical election
|
An election that signal a party realignment through voter polarization around new issues
|
|
veto
|
A formal decision to reject a bill passed by Congress.
|
|
Sociotopic Voting
|
base their voting choices on their view of society.
|
|
Sound bite
|
A brief statement on TV or radio
|
|
Appropriations
|
Money granted by Congress or to a state legislature for a specific purpose
|
|
Multiple Referral
|
process of sending legislation to be considered by more than one committee
|
|
political issue
|
an issue that arises when people disagree about a problem and how to fix it.
|
|
National party convention
|
A national meeting of delegates elected at primaries, caucuses, or state conventions who assemble once every four years to nominate candidates for president and vice president, ratify the party platform, elect officers, and adopt rules.
|
|
Division of Labor
|
skilled workers each have a specialized function, resulting in increased productivity.
|
|
roll-call vote
|
Occurs when each member's vote is recorded.
|
|
High-tech campaign
|
a major characteristic of the modern presidential campaign. The use of paid political ads, 30- and 60-second spots, paid infomercials incorporating charts and graphs, and sophisticated polling techniques have all been used in recent campaigns.
|
|
Direct Mail
|
A high-tech method of raising money for a political cause or candidate. It involves sending information and requests for money to people whose names appear on lists of those who have supported similar views or candidates in the past.
|
|
joint committee
|
Committees on which both senators and representatives serve.
|
|
Social Capital
|
Norms and Values people hold that result in collective and socially negotiated tie and relationships.
|
|
Social insurance
|
Programs in which eligibility is based on prior contributions to government, usually in the form of payroll taxes.
|
|
open primary
|
Primary election in which any voter, regardless of party, may vote.
|
|
Direct Democracy
|
- people rather than their elected representatives make political decisions (used by colonies)
|
|
Governmental corporations
|
provide services that could be handled by the private sector and gen. charge cheaper rates than a private sector producer. e.g. USPS
|
|
policymaking system
|
the process by which policy comes into being and evolves over time; people's interests, problems, and concerns create political issues for government policymakers - shape policy, which in turn impacts people, generating more interests, problems, and concerns
|
|
discharge
|
A petition rule in the House that can allow some bills to be released from committee without committee approval.
|
|
Senate Finance Committee
|
The Senate committee that, along with the House Ways and Means committee, writes the tax codes, subject to the approval of Congress as a whole.
|
|
14th amendment
|
Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws
|
|
Traditional democratic theory
|
Government depends upon the consent of the governed
|
|
writ of habeas corpus
|
right that safeguards an individual from illegal imprisonment. The term is Latin for "you should have the body." It refers to the writ requiring that a person be brought before the court to determine whether he is being detained illegally.
|
|
open market operations
|
the buying and selling of government securities by the Federal Reserve Bank in the securities market.
|
|
supremecy clause
|
the Constitution is the supreme law of the land
|
|
rational choice theory
|
An approach that assumes people act rationally in their self-interest, seeking to maximize value.
|
|
eminent domain
|
power of a government to take private property for public use
|
|
What are the main agents of socialization?
|
family, media, schools
|
|
Trial balloons
|
information leaked to the media to see what the political reaction will be.
|
|
virginia constitution
|
June 1776; became the first state to adopt a permanent, republican constitution i) Legislature chose the governor, the governors council and all judges ii) The governor had no veto and hardly any patronage iii) Lower house faced annual elections but the upper house served 4-year terms iv) George Mason- drafted declaration of rights that the VA delegates passed before constitution- people should define their rights before empowering the government, affirmed human equality (except slaves), condemned hereditary privilege, called for rotation in office, trial by jury and extolled religious liberty
|
|
national committee
|
on of the institutions that keeps the party operation between conventions and deals w/ policy issues
|
|
suffrage (franchise)
|
the right to vote. [In 1870, the 15th Amendment held that suffrage shall not be denied "on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." In 1920, the 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote.]
|
|
Cruel and unusual punishment
|
they are court sentences prohibited by the eighth amendment. Although the Supreme Court has ruled that mandatory death sentences for certain offenses are unconstitutional, it has not held that the death penalty itself constitutes cruel and unusual punishment.
|
|
Discharge petition
|
A means by which the House can remove a bill stalled in committee.
|
|
President Pro Tempore
|
Officer of the Senate selected by the majority party to act as chair in the absence of the vice president.
|
|
bad-tendency rule
|
A rule to judge if speech can be limited: If the speech could lead to some sort of "evil," it can be prohibited.
|
|
House Rules Committee
|
An institution unique to the House of Representatives that reviews all bills (except revenue, budget, and appropriations bills) coming from a House committee before they go to the full House.
|
|
Baker v. Carr (1962)
|
It was a landmark United States Supreme Court case that retreated from the Court's political question doctrine, deciding that reapportionment issues (attempts to change the way voting districts are delineated) present justiciable questions, thus enabling federal courts to intervene in and to decide reapportionment cases. The defendants unsuccessfully argued that reapportionment of legislative districts is a "political question," and hence not a question that may be resolved by federal courts.
|
|
Chisholm v. Georgia
|
is considered by many to be the first United States Supreme Court case of great significance and impact. The Court argued that Article 3, Section 2 of the Constitution abrogated the States' sovereign immunity and granted federal courts the affirmative power to hear disputes between private citizens and States.
|
|
value-added tax (VAT)
|
A tax on incresed value of a product at each stage of production and distribution rather than just at the point of sale.
|
|
nomenclature
|
1. A system of names used in an art or science 2. The procedure of assigning names to organisms listed in a taxonomic classification.
|
|
Native Americans were made citizens of the United States long before African Americans received the same status.
|
Which of the following statements about Native Americans is FALSE?
|
|
Were enacted by Southern whites in the late nineteenth century to segregate African Americans from white.
|
Jim Crow laws were those which
|
|
7. How many courts of appeal are there?
|
-One in each 11 regions, plus one in the District of Colombia and one federal circuit.
|
