Pharmacology 6
Complete List of Terms and Definitions for Pharmacology 6
| Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
| -cycline | antibiotic |
| Diphenhydramine | anti=cholinergic |
| diazepram | Valium |
| Carisoprodol Cyclobenzapine Methocarbamol Metaxalone | Baclofen |
| PAROXETINE | (blank) |
| timoptic | timolol |
| lorazepam | ativan |
| lioresal | baclofen |
| -trophin | pituitary hormone |
| garlic | CVD Hypetenstion |
| Hydralizine | pg 315 |
| Adenosine |
Antiarrhythmic unclassified ("Group V"); parenteral only. Hyperpolarizes AV nodal tissue, blocks conduction for 10−15 sec. Used for nodal reentry arrhythmias |
| Sympathomimeticssalmeterol | Serevent Diskus |
| theobromine | Methylxanthine, asthma |
| absorb | to take into |
| dipivefrin | alpha2 selective agonist |
| rituximab | non hodkin lymphoma |
| methotrexate |
antiarthritic, antifolate agent inhibits adenosine degradation, inhibiting cytokine production teratogenic |
| MOA atropine | muscarinic antagonist |
| Ephedrine |
Indirectly acting sympathomimetic like amphetamine but less CNS stimulation, more smooth muscle effects |
| CNS-->Adrenal Medulla-->E-->blood-->E at Adrenergic receptor | Adrenal Sympathetic |
| detrol, detrol la | tolterodine |
| Monobactam |
-Monocyclic beta-lactam ring -G- rods -NOT active against G+ and anaerobes |
| Tamoxifen | Class: Antineoplastic, Estrogen antagonist/blocker.Action: Hinders function of breast cancer cells.Side Effects: Stroke, N/V/D, endometrial cancer, uterine sarcoma, leukopenia, thromboytopenia, hepatic necrosis, pulmonary embolism.Contraindications: allergy, women receiving coumarin-type anticoagulants, Hx of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary emboli.Nursing considerations: Assess prior, monitor lipid levels, CBC, calcium, hydration, and GI. |
| Timolol | Nervous SystemAdrenergic BlockingBeta Blocker - "Timoptic"Glaucoma |
| for trauma patients | 16 gauge |
| where is lead stored | bone |
| neuromuscular blocking drugs | p. 304 |
|
What drug causes: Hepatitis |
Isoniazid (INH) |
| Acetaminophen |
Antipyretic analgesic very weak cyclooxygenase inhibitor not anti−inflammatory. Less toxic than aspirin but more dangerous in overdose (causes hepatic necrosis−antidote: acetylcysteine) |
| oxybutynin | ditropan (xl), oxytral patch |
| thiopentone | thiobarbituiate, IV general anaestethic |
| vitamins | Organic substance found in food. |
| Nateglinide | Endocrine (Meglitinides)MOA: Bind SUR receptors associated w/ ATP-sensitive K+ channels (diff. sitefrom sulfonylureas) → ↓K+ current → ↑insulin secretion MET: Metabolized by liver Half-life: even shorter & rapider (than SUR and Repaglinide)SE: Hypoglycemia Weight gainOTH: Used for post-pran hyperglycemiaTX: Type 2 diabetes |
| hyperosmotic laxatives |
polyethylene glycol-electrolyte soln (GoLYTELY) hypertonic drugs that draw water from surrounding tissue into the intestine, thereby creating an increased osmotic pressure in the bowel; the fluid moves from extracellular compartments through intestinal mucosa into the bowel; additional fluid changes the stool consistency to liquid, distends the bowel, stimulates stretch receptors & peristalsis oral hyperosmotic laxatives should not be given within 1hr of other oral meds b/c the increased transit time of the laxatives will interfere w/ the absorption of other drugs |
| Mania (Drug mechanism) |
opposite of depression enthusiasm rapid thought rapid speech pattern extreme self confidence impaired judgement |
| Important is | ethnicity/culture client, age, educational level |
| Dyskinesia | movement with pain or difficulty |
| What does chelate mean? | bind to |
| echinacea | GI distress, dizziness, and headache |
|
Type of drug? Urokinase |
Fibrinolytic- Systemic agent |
| 3rd generation ceftrixone | single dose gonnerhea |
| Procainamide |
Group IA antiarrhythmic drug short half−life; similar to quinidine but may cause lupus erythematosus |
| acipimox | inhibit TAG production VLDL sec |
| 2 eicosanoid bronchoconstrictors | TXA2 and PGF2-alpha |
|
Acyclovir and valacyclovir -Uses -Mechanism -SEs |
-HSV1and2, VZV -Guanosine antagonist; must be phosphorylated by viral thymidine kinase--> non-toxic to human cells -Rare SEs -SAFE IN PREGNANCY |
| Calcipotriene | PsoriasisMOA: Synthetic vitamin D3 SE: Skin dryness ItchingTX: Psoriasis |
| Mechanism of action: chlorpromazine | D2 R antagonist |
| Cimetidine | GI SystemGI Ulcers - H2 Receptors"Tagamet"Blocks histamine receptors which decreases HCl secretions |
| lidocain | class 1b antarrythemia work on inactivated na channal |
| Beta 2 Stimulation | Lung: Bronchial dilation, vasodilation, glycogenolysis (increases blood sugar) |
| Potent serotonin inhibitor and weak norepi inhibitor 	- Can cause hypertension, dose dependent | Lithium |
| 2 Posterior pituitary hormones are | Oxytocinand antidiuretic |
| Polymyxins can lead to: | nephro and neurotoxicity |
| what cholinesterase inhibitor is used to reverse phase II of succinylcholine neuromuscular blockade? | neostigmine |
|
MOA chloramphenicol cidal/static? |
binds 50S, inhibiting peptidyl transferase static |
|
Type of drug? Fibrates |
Lipid lowering agent PPAR-alpha agonist- leads to increased beta-oxidation transcription of LPL |
| Amoxicillin |
Penicillin wider spectrum than pen G with activity similar to ampicillin but greater oral bioavailability; less adverse effects on GI tract than ampicillin. Susceptible to penicillinases unless used with clavulanic acid. Tox: penicillin allergy |
| AE for anesthetics | respiratory depression, malignant hypothermia (rare but fatal), myocardial depression, hepatotoxicity, N, V, confusion |
| What are the contraindications for Ketoprofen? | f |
| Atenolol | Beta-1 blocker. Treats hypertension in elderly with systolic hypertension. Cardioselective; half-life: 6-7 h (beta-1 selectivity, little CNS, long half-life) have made atenolol a popular agent to treat hypertension without bronchoconstriction. |
| Clonazepam | Anti-convulsant benzo that can treat acute mania. Must consider benzo side effects. |
| Fluvoxamine | is an SSRI, used to treat MDD. |
| Can we measure drug concentrations at the sites of action? | no |
| What short acting barbituate can be used for anesthesia | thiopental |
|
CLASSIFICATION OF EPILEPSY Partial (one hemisphere of brain) |
Simpleno loss of consciousness diverse symptoms limited motor involvement sensory or psychic symptoms responsive during attack usually less than 1 min Complex: psychomotor-temporal lobe seizuresusually preceeded by aura loss of impaired consciousness symptoms may be similar to "simple" coordinated involuntary movements (drooling, wandering, laughing) usually 1-2min in duration |
| Phase 1 biotransformation | incules oxidative, hydrolytic, and reductive reactions. Oxidative rxns are the most common type. They're catalyzed by enzymes isolated in the microsomal fraction of liver homogenates & by cytoplasmic enzymes. |
| This route of drug administration is the application of gaseous and volatile drugs for absorption from the respiratory tract. | Inhalation |
| Schedule IV Drugs | *low potential for abuse*limited psychological and physcial dependence*accepted medicinal useex: darvon, valium, ativan, halcion |
| Increased extrapyramidal (motor) side effects, strong affinity for CNS dopamine receptors and are effective at low doses | Traditional antipsychotic class |
| Potentiation | One grug that enhance effect of another (i.e Phergan enahnce effects to morphine) |
| What drug acts as a dopamine agonist? | L-Dopa |
| Drug reaction causing agranulocytosis? (3 C's) | clozapine, carbamazepine, colchicine |
| questions from diagram at top of page | |
| Uses for tetracyclines |
VACUUM THe BedRoom V. cholera Acne Chlamydia Ureaplasma Urealyticum Mycoplasma pneumoniae Tularemia H. Pylori Borrelia Burgodorferi Rickettsia |
| actions of PGE? |
increased uterine tone decreased bronchial tone decreased vascular tone |
| Amphotericin B |
Antifungal polyene drug of choice for most systemic mycoses; binds to ergosterol to disrupt fungal cell membrane permeability. Tox: chills and fever, hypokalemia, hypotension, nephrotoxicity (dose−limiting, possibly less with liposomal forms) |
| Which anticonvulsant does not appear to act via GABA receptors and is frequently used to treat neuropathic pain? | gabapentin (Neurontin) |
| Drug Absorption Methods |
Enteral "GI": Oral, Sublingual, Rectal Parental: IV, IM, SubQ, Body Cavity Topical: Skin, Mucous membrane (nose & Lungs), Ears, Eyes |
| PGI2 and PGE1 inhibit | Platelet aggregation (especially PGI2) |
| Hydrochlorothiazide | Blocks Na+/Cl- cotrans. in DCT. (thus may increase calcium reabsorption also via basolateral Na/Ca antiporter...can treat renal hypercalcemia) |
| Ganglionic Blocking Agents |
Competitive agonist at the nicotinic recptors in the autonomic ganglia Block acetylcholine |
| __ cups = 1 pt. | 2 cups= 1 pt. |
| contraindications of cephalosporins |
caution in hypersensitivity to PCN; however, b/c this is not always the case, can be administered but w/ caution (5-10% cross-sensitivity) caution in pts w/ history of GI or renal disease, especially those receiving diuretics |
| Components of the circulatory system |
Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins |
| which alpha agonists are used to treat glaucoma | epinephrine, brimonidine |
| What is potentation | A particular type of synergist interaction in which the effect of only one of two drugs is increased. In other words a drug that has no effect enhances the effect of a second drug |
| Sources of Vit B6 | chicken, fish, eggs, whole grains |
| Steady state | The rate of administration equals the excretion rate. Usually after 5 - 6 doses. |
| Increased effectiveness when a drug is given in several doses is know as: | Cumulative effect |
| Benzo with lowest incidence of CV side effects | lorazepam |
| what catecholamines are used to treat hypotension | EPI, NE |
| which is the only loop diuretic without a sulfa group? | ethacrynic acid |
| Name two drugs used as contragestation/medical abortion: |
Mifepristone RU486 (progesterone and glucocorticoid receptor antagonist) |
| Action of Antacids | neutralizes acid at the chemical level |
| Type III (toxic complex/immune complex) |
precipitation of antigen-antibody complex examples: serum sickness, Arthus (vasculitis) |
| Brimonidine | An analog of clonidine and thus an alpha -2A agonist. It treats glaucoma by decreasing humor production and increasing uveoscleral outflow. |
| Buprenorphine | is an opioid analgesic, it is used to treat severe pain. |
| When should you use z-track? |
Use z-track when administering medications that will irritate and discolor the tissue (i.e. iron) This IM method prevents leaking/ tracking of medication into the SC tissue. Use 2 20 gauge needles- at least 2 in. Use large muscle mass- gluteal |
| pharmacokinetics of osmotic diuretics |
not absorbed orally; can be administered only IV excreted unchanged in the urine |
| What should be used in drug treatment for most patients with uncomplicated hypertension, either alone or combined with drugs from other classes? | Thiazide diuretics |
| These are agents used to cause muscle paralysis during surgical procedures. | Neuromuscular blockers |
| 1.Name an abortifacient is a competitite inhibitor of preogestins at progesterone recpetor and may lead to heavy menstrual-like bleeding?2.Name another drug used in cancer that could be used for abortions and ectopic pregnancy? | 1.Mifepristone (RU486) 2. Methotraxate (S-phase specific antimetabolite) |
| ASA Preparations (ASA Aminosalicylates) |
Used for ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s Disease. MOA: 5-ASA (mesalamine) diminish inflammation by blocking cyclooxygenase & inhibiting prostaglandin production. Local effect in bowel. S/E: Mild, headache NI: 5-ASA preps similar to structure of aspirin. Some preps have sulfa products. |
| When a drug is swallowed and absorbed from the stomach or small intestine | oral route |
| What does the abbreviation stand for: tsp | teaspoon (4-5 mL) |
| What is the antidote for methanol toxicity/overdose | Ethanol, dialusis, fomepizole |
| Most pharmacogenomics deal with differences in metabolic enzymes ---> |
Polymorphic P450 ex: one patient may have a different 3A4 than another |
| H2 antagonists---Therapeutic acations | leads to reduction in gastric acid secretion and pepsin production. Used mainly for short term use to treat duodenal ulcer. Prophylaxis of stress induced ulcer. Treatment of gastroexophageal reflux. Promotes healing and decreases pain. Relief of hear |
| Warfarin | prevents reduction of Vit K - req for cofactor gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid for clotting factors, ORALLY ACTIVE |
| Lidocaine antiarrythmia clincal indications | 2nd line treatment for sustained ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation but ONLY AFTER AMIODARONE. |
| What does the kidneys have a hard time excreting? | Lipid-soluble drugs |
| Nursing Considerations w/ glucocorticosteroids: |
teach pt. to correctly use MDI/nasal inhaler teach pt to use a spacer w/ MDIs so med doesn't end up in the lungs |
| what are 3 advantages to inhaled asthma drugs? |
therapeutic effects are enhanced systemic effects are minimized relief of acute attack is rapid |
| These drugs bind directly with ACh receptors. | Direct acting Cholinergic drugs |
| Benzocaine (Solarcaine and others) | Drugs for sunburn and other minor burns: Local anesthetics Benzocaine (Solarcaine) is a local anesthetic used to treat sunburn and other minor burns. |
| Which route is most frequently used? | Enteral route for oral drugs. |
| What does the abbreviation stand for: PO | per os, by mouth/orally |
| why are beta blockers used to treat MI | decrease MI mortality |
|
Effects Nitrates have on: EDV BP Contractility HR Ejection time MV O2 |
down down up (reflex) up (reflex) down down |
| During which stages of sleep does dreaming occur? | stages III and IV |
| Why is acetominophen not technically an NSAID? (2) | Doesnt have anti-inflammatory or anti-coagulant feautures. |
| 3 types of partial seizures | Simple partial (no loss of consciousness...30-60 sec.), complex partial (impairment of consciousness 30sec - 2min), and partial seizure 2narily generalized (proceeds to gen. ton-clon). |
| What two nerve membrane channels does morphine affect? What second mesenger signaling molecule? | potassium (increased opening) and calcium (reduced opening) -> decreased nerve transmission; Adenylate cyclase is inhibited |
| Nitrious oxide Nurtibix/Analegsic Gas | Dosage: Self admin til pain ceases or pt drops mask inhalationcomposed of 50% o2 50%nitrious oxide Its effects only last 2 to 5 mins after administration ceasesInd:Musculoskeletal ischemic chest pain and severe anxiety including hyperventalation Contra:Possible bowel obstruction,pneumothorax tension pnuemothrax copd head injury impaired mental status drug intoxiationPre:nausea vomiting use in well ventilated area |
| Edrophonium is and exp of these drugs and is used in differential diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. | Indirect acting Cholinergic Drugs |
| What concurrent conditions are likely to lead to kidney damage when an animal is treated with NSAIDs | DehydrationUse of other drugs that are potentially harmful to the kidney (aminoglycosides) |
| Seratonin syndrome is characterized by what? | A triad of autonomic instability, hypertension, and tachycardia. Mental status changes = agitation to coma, neuromuscular hyperactivity: clonus and hyperreflexia, lower extremity much greater than uper extremity. |
| what is the mechanism of phenytoin action | use-dependent blockade of Na+ channels |
| MC side effect of radioactive iodine? | Hypothyroidism. So patient would need to take levothyroxine |
| Which drug listed below is an example of a phase II drug used to treat GERD? | cimetidine (Tagamet), omeprazole (Prilosec), esomeprazole (Nexium), and famotidine (Pepcid) |
| 3 main brain areas for ecstasy | Neocortex, limbic system, and spinal cord. |
| How does this drug tx opiate abuse: buprenorphine | a u-receptor partial agonist antagonizes high potency agonists but keeps opiate receptors somewhat stimulated |
| What is the order of nerve blockade for size and myelination? Which factor predominates? | small diameter> large diameter. Myelinated fibers> unmyelinated fibers. Size factor predominates |
| partial mu agonists and mixed k agonist/mu antagonist | -large doses can cause withdrawal symptoms in persons with physical dependency-low tendency of respiratory depression-low to moderate chance of psychological dependence-low risk of physical dependence |
| Lead poisoning si/sx = |
1) x-ray --> lead lines on gums and epiphyses of long bones 2) encephalopathy, erythrocyte basophilic stippling 3) abdominal pain, sideroblastic anemia 4) wrist & foot drop |
| When do you use Growth Hormone? | For patients with GH deficiency and Turner's syndrome? XO |
| What are the manifestations of open angle glaucoma? | asymptomatic until late stages then visual field loss |
| Two things that happens to ischemic heart tissue | Heart rate increases and resting membrane potential becomes more positive |
| What is the term drug derived from? | the dutch word "droog" which means "dry". This refers to the dried herbs and plants as the first medicines. |
| What is it called when there is less fluid outside a vessel and more inside? What are the symptoms? | vasodilation, skin flushing experience during injection |
| Absorption : drug enters through fluid and tissue | Absorption : drug enters through fluid and tissue |
| Give an example of a drug acting on an unintended target? | Terfenadine (an antihistamine), which also inhibits a cardiac potassium channel (hERG), which lead to fatal arrhythmias and thus withdrew |
| When does sodium bicarbonate become unstable? | Until expired or if not kept at temps ranging from 15-30 degrees celsius |
| How does the pH of the urine help accelerate the excretion of drugs? | Weak acids are excreted faster in alkaline urine; weak bases are excreated faster in acidic urine |
| Ganirelix | Endocrine (GnRH antag)MOA: Competitive antagonists binding GnRH receptor → ↓LH > ↓FSH ADMIN: subQNo transient rise in gonadotropin secretion as with continuous GnRH administrationTX: Inhibit premature LH surgein ovary stim. |
| Cardizem | diltiazem |
| Fluvastatin | Lescol |
| Mevacor | Ezetimebe/simvastatin |
| IMIPRAMINE | (blank) |
| tab | tablet |
| xylocaine | lidocaine |
| aricept | donepezil |
| somatrem | GH derivative |
| -azepam | benzodiazepine (diazepam) |
| class imipramine | tca |
| tr, tinct | tincture |
| omeprazole | Losec (PPI) |
| -prazole | proton pump inhibitor |
| labetolol | alpha1 selective antagonist |
| HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitorsending | -statin |
| Desogen | Norgestrel/ ethinyl estradiol |
| -tidine | H2 antagonist. Cimetidine |
| Amphetamine |
Indirectly acting sympathomimetic displaces stored catecholamines in nerve endings. Marked CNS stimulant actions; high abuse liability. Tox: psychosis, HTN, MI, seizures |
| Procaine |
(E) short-acting PABA metabolite slow onset, low potency |
| Hemicholinium | Inhibits choline uptake |
| Calcitonin | Endocrine (Calcium Homeostasis)Binds calcitonin receptors → ↑cAMP → ↓osteoclast-mediated Ca2+ mobilization & ↑ excretionSE: Nausea, facial flushing, hand swelling, urticaria, resistanceOTH: Salmon CT is ↑potent and ↑t1/2 20% develop resistanceTX: Hypercalcemia HyperPTH, ↑VitD, Bone metsOsteoporosis, Paget's Dz |
| Prednisone | GI SystemDiarrhea - Anti-inflammatoryUsed with Inflammatory Bowel Dz., immunosuppressive |
| S/E of tolcapone ? | hepatotoxicity |
| Viscosupplementation/Hyaluronan | “oil for your joints” restores lubricating properties of synovial fluid Can reduce pain w/in days, can last for months to years Possibly delay necessary surgery |
| Symptoms of Interferon toxicity. | Neutropenia. |
|
Type of drug? Doxepin |
Tricyclic antidepressant |
| Carbamazepine |
Anticonvulsant tricyclic derivative used for tonic−clonic and partial seizures; blocks Na+ channels in neuronal membranes. Drug of choice for trigeminal neuralgia; back−up drug in mania. Tox: CNS depression, hematotoxic, induces liver drug−metabolizing enzymes |
| Antihistamines and Decongestantsdiphenydramine |
Diphenhist Benadryl Allergy Benadryl |
| ipratropium bromide | M antagonist, asthma |
|
Thalidomide -Mech -Uses -SEs |
-TNF alpha suppression -Prevention of graft-versus host reaction -TERATOGENIC |
| Danazol | Endocrine (steroid syn inhibitors) MOA: partial agonist at PR, AR, and Glucocorticoid receptor; induces a hyperandrogenic state which induces atrophy of ectopic endometrial tissue and reduces pain (offset by androgenic SE) SE: Weight gain; Edema; Acne; ↓HDL TX: endometriosis |
| bacteria |
single-celled microorganisms that have no true nucleus & reproduce by cell division pathogenic bacteria contain cell-damaging proteins that cause infection; these proteins come in two forms: exotoxins endotoxins |
| Propofol | Nervous SystemShort Acting Hypnotic Agent2-5min, rapid/smooth induction/recovery, only in dogs, safe, very short anesthesia |
| FACTMetabolic effects of epinephrine* Carbohydrate- increased glyco-genolysis leading to hyperglyemia* Fat - lipolysis leading to an increase in free fatty acids | . |
| inhibit b-amyloid formation to prevent alzheimers: increase a-secretase | flurbiprofen |
| methadone |
aliphatic class of synthetic narcotics acts on mu receptors |
| name a depolarising neurmuscular blocking drug | succinylcholine |
| adverse reaction to methicillin | interstitial nephritis |
|
Type of drug? Corticorelin |
Synthetic Corticotropin-releasing hormone |
| Bethanechol |
Muscarinic agonist choline ester with good resistance to cholinesterase; used for atonic bowel or bladder |
| Anesthetics |
Drugs that depress the CNS - |
| ciprofibrate | fibrate, lipoprotein lipase, VLDL prod, LDL uptake |
| Abacavir | Inhibits reverse transcripase and terminates DNA chain elongation. Used in HIV patients in the form of trizivir. |
| 1st generation cephalosporins? | cefadroxil, cefazolin, cephalexin, cephadrin |
|
What does this abbreviation mean? oz |
oz.= ounce |
| pathophysiology of depression |
genetic factors personality and environmental factors biochemical abnormalities |
| Maprotiline | a heterocylic for anti-depression, can cause seizures |
| T/F: Rates of transfer across barriers are directly related to the partition coefficient. | TRUE |
| dementia: epidemiology | -age dependent-unusual in people <65-is not 3% unti l75 years old but then rapidly increases-20% of persons between 75 and 84 have dementia, 50% over 85. -10% of persons 65 and over have dementia |
| Iatrogenic reaction | Unexpected response; mimics a pathological disease. |
| Induction agent that causes coronary artery vasoconstriction | dexmedetomidine |
| which GABA receptors are facilitated by barbiturates and bezodiazepines | GABA-A |
| MOA colchicine | depolymerizes MT, impairing WBC chemotaxis and degranuation |
|
Type of drug? Erythromycin |
Macrolide 50S protein synthesis inhibitor |
|
Drugs ending with: -cycline |
Antibiotic (protein synthesis inhibitor) Ex-Tetracycline |
| How effective must male contraception be to be useful? | 100% |
| Autonomic Pathway SNS |
Preganglionic neurons are short Postganglionic neurons are long |
| Tolerance | A physiological response that requires that a drug dosage be increased to produce the same effect formerly produced by a smaller dose |
| Metyrosine- sympathetic antagonist | (Alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine). An analog of tyrosine and inhibits tyrosine hydroxylase for catechol. synthesis. Treats pheochromocytoma. |
| Reason for dosage modification in cephalosporin treated pts | -Renal impairement |
| Which cytokines act as the master cytokines, which activate all the others during inflammation? | TNF-alphaIL-1 |
| One compartment model | Which pharmacokinetics model assumes that the distribution of drug is uniform and rapid compared with absorption and elimination? |
| examples of sulfonamids |
sulfasalazine (Azulfidine) - frequent use in autoimmune conditions mafenide (Sulfamylon) |
| Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers therapeutic uses |
Hypertension Heart failure Diabetic nephropathy Myocardial infarction Stroke prevention Migraine headache |
| which anti-epileptic drugs can cause diplopia | carbamazepine, phenytoin |
| MAJOR PROBLEMS | - A COMMON COMPLICATION OF I.V. therapy, infiltration occurs when an I.V. needle or catheter becomes dislodged or the vein wall is disrupted. Nonvesicant I.V. fluid then leaks into the tissue surrounding the insertion site. (When a vesicant leaks into tissue, extravasation occurs.) Watch for signs - Fluid leaking from an I.V. needle or catheter into the tissue can lead to tissue damage and other serious problems (such as nerve damage), so closely monitor your patient's I.V. site for telltale signs. Here's what to watch for: - swelling around the I.V. site. As fluid accumulates, tissue around the site swells. - blanching and cooling of skin. The infusing fluid pooling in the tissue is cooler than body temperature. This cools the skin and causes it to lighten in color. - slowed infusion rate. When accumulated fluid creates pressure on the catheter (which inhibits fluid from infusing quickly) or the tissue reaches its saturation point, the flow rate slows down and may stop. Confirm infiltration - If a patient shows any of these signs, assess for infiltration. First, palpate the site to confirm swelling. Then, palpate the area above the catheter tip and rapidly flush the line with 0.9% sodium chloride. (Stop flushing if you meet resistance-the line may be occluded). If fluid is infiltrating, you'll feel bubbling under the skin. |
| vigabatrin (Sabil) | increase GABA levels by blocking Gaba-T |
| Fluoroquinolones (Tequin) MOA |
Synthetic broad spectrum antibiotic against both + and – bacteria (anaerobic and aerobic). MOA: Inhibition of DNA gyrase thereby interfering with replication, transmission, and repair of bacterial DNA. Uses: Acute and chronic bronchitis, sinusitis, UTI, pyelonephritis, STDs. Usual dosage: 200 – 400 mg/day (over age 18) |
| Liquid drug forms |
-Solutions: Preparations that contain the drug dissolved in a solvent, usually water. -Tinctures: Drug preparations whereby the drug was extracted chemically with alcohol. -Suspensions: Drugs that do not remain dissolved and will separate. They must be shaken before admin. -Spirits: Contains volatile chemicals dissolved in alcohol. -Emulsions: Preparations in which an oily substance is mixed with a solvent into which it does not dissolve. -Elixirs: Preparations that contain the drug in an alcohol solvent, with a flavor added. -Syrups: Drugs that are suspended in sugar and water to improve the taste. |
| What system is affected by lyme disease? | Blood |
| Clinical use? | pain, cough supression (dex), diarrhea (loperamide), acute pulmonary edema, methadone maintenance programs |
| What do you use for TB prophylaxis? | INH |
| how is the respiratory depression from midazolam treated? | flumezanil |
|
Type of drug? Exenatide |
Oral hypoglycemia Sythetic similar to glucagon-like peptide-1; stimulates insulin secretion |
| what is the duration of isoetharine? | 1-3 hr |
| Which glaucoma drugs are an adrenergic agonist? |
brimonidine apraclonidine |
| Agonists | Drugs that combine with receptors and initiate the expected response |
| Side-effects of TCAs | Orthostatic hypotension and associated cardiovascular effects (most troublesome effects: tachycardia, arrhythmia, decreased efficiency, angina, fibrillation, infarct, death), atropine-like effects, anti-histamine/sedation effects, transition from depressi |
| Theophylline | is used to treat chronic asthma and other chronic lung disease. Theophylline is a PHosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, which increases tissue concentrations of cAMP and subsequently iduces release of adrenaline. |
| NADPH & molecular O2 | The mixed-function-oxidase reaction is dependent on what molecules? |
| Types of Angina: |
Stable (classic): pain associated w/ exercise, physical exertion, stress, or eating large meals Unstable: occurs in resting heart; greater freq. and duration of attacks, signal impending MI Variant (prinzmetal): due to vasospasm in coronary vessel (not blockage) at rest or during exercise (more common in young people) |
|
antiemetic drugs: phenothiazines/dopamine receptor antagonists |
block dopamine receptors in the CTZ; dopamine is required for the conduction of impulses from excited afferent nerves to stimulate the medullar-vomiting center blocking dopamine receptors inhibits the stimulation of hte vomiting center & an antiemetic effect results used to manage nausea & emesis due to either ratdiation therapy or chemo, or do to the effects of toxins contraindicated in depression, severe liver & CV disease, pregnancy, and kids < 2y.o. may drug interactions: check before admin; additive hypotensive effects w/ ETOH, antihypertensives, CNS depressants |
| myclophenal add to cyclosporine as adjuvent by work on ? | inhibit purine synthesis |
| Orphenadrine: Class of drug, use. | Centrally-acting skeletal muscle relaxant - anti-anxiety, to relax emotions *The CENTER for RELAXATION is handing out DIAZEPAM, putting on a show at the ORPHEUM, and CHARISmatically selling motorCYCLES by Mercedes-BENZ |
| decrease Nt in cleft | -facilitate uptake into presynaptic or perisynaptic cells-facilitate destruction in cleft |
| Antacids |
MOA: React w/ gastric acid to create neutral salts. Neutralize gastric acid, raise pH (decreases the action of pepsin and damage to gut wall). Greater than 4 decreases pepsin, 2-4 increases pepsin. NI: Watch Na and K levels. |
| A state of hyperactivity of either a section of the brain or all of the brain | Seizure |
| COHORT STUDIES | A GROUP OF INDIVIDUALS WITH EXPOSURE TO A CHEMICAL AND A GROUP WITHOUT EXPOSURE ARE FOLLOWED OVER TIME TO COMPARE DISEASE OCCURANCES |
| absorption |
process occurs from the time the drug enters the body to the time it enters the bloodstream rate determines onset of action |
| what are the side effects of L-dopa.carbidopa treatment | arrhythmias, dyskinesias |
| MOA mannitol |
creates an osmotic diuresis because it can't leave the tubule inhibits Na and Cl reabsorption in PC and ascendin loop |
| filling out prescription | hand written no cursive dea # |
| What term is used to describe anxiety for which there is no identifiable source than from within the patient? | endogenous |
| Which class 1 antiarrhythmics also have antimuscarinic effects? | disopyramide and quinidine |
| Physostigmine and neostigmine | Carbamyl ester linkage compounds which are hydrolyzed like ACh but more slowly, thus tying up the enzyme and allowing increased amounts of ACh to become available. Their effects last for 3-4 hours. Neostigmine is a quaternary agent, and does not cross the |
| Symptoms following ingestion of spoiled fish are mediated by... | Histamine produced by bacteria. |
| specific gene/enzyme | What does the last number in CYP3A4 stand for? |
| Pharmacodynamics/Action of Digitalis Glycosides |
increase the force of myocardial contraction (pos. inotropic effect)by inhibiting ATPase which normally decrases move't of Na out of cell after contraction slow HR due to both direct & indirect actions on the SA node (neg. chrono. effect) cause decreased conductivity through AV node, whichcan lead to varying degree of heart block (neg dromo. effect) |
| pharmacodynamics of antiflatulents |
changes the surface tension of gas bubbles in the stomach & intestine changed surface tension allows gas bubbles to stick together to form larger bubbles larger bubbles are easier than smaller ones to pass via peristaltic movement & motility in the GI tract through the mouth by belching or through the anus as flatus used in tx of flatulenceand of postoperative pts w/ gaseous distention |
| B1 WORK on wich gene? | Gs which stimulate adenyl cyclase |
| What to do with an error? | Notify supervisor immediately, complete incident reportSafety of patient comes first: monitor for adverse effects (VS etc)Do not report on nurses notes, fill out separate report |
| enhancing cholinergic transmission in alzheimers: AChE inhibitiors: galantamine (reminyl) | -no liver damage-less SE-enhances cholinergic activation of pre and post nicotinic receptors to increase effect but this causes no change in therapeutic effect |
| How does Alpha 1 antagonist work | Prevents peripheral vasoconstriction of alpha stimulation, therefore decreases the B/P |
| 2 induction drugs that can decrease reperfusion injury by eliminating free radicals | propofol and pentothol |
| local anesthetics: determinants of absorption from site of administration |
dosage site of injection: absorbed more quickly in highly vascular area extent of tissue binding: keeps drug at site of admin --> inc. duration of action concurrent admin of vasoconstricting substances: locals are vasodilators & usually sold w/ vasoconstrictor (ex. epi); vasoconstriction --> inc. efficacy b/c systemic absorption is decreased d/t low blood flow |
| which drugs used to treat glaucoma increase outflow of aqueous humor | cholinomimetics, prostaglandin, epinephrine |
| which drugs --> torsades de pointes |
Ia and III aniarrhytmics cisapride |
| Why should the counting tray be swabbed with alcohol after dispensing an antibiotic? | to prevent cross-contamination |
| Two types of General Anesthetics |
Inhaled-vaporized in O2 and inhaled Injectable-administered IV |
| Aminoglycosides are synergistic with... | other antibiotics (most often with cell wall active agents) |
| 4. (50/8m) DIFFERENTIATE THE MECHANISM OF ACTION, INDICATION FOR USE, METHODS OF ADMINISTRATION, COMMON ADVERSE EFFECTS OF, KEY POINTS TO PT. EDUCATION & NURSING IMPLICATIONS FOR DESMOPRESSIN (DDAVP) | -Synthetic analogue of human ADH; for treatment neurogenic diabetes insipidus. -Major contraindications: presence of hemophilia A with factor VIII levels 5% or less -Most common adverse effects: localized erythema with intranasal administration; burning pain with parenteral injection. -Maximizing therapeutic effects: Keep solutions (nasal, parenteral) refrigerated. - Minimizing adverse effects: Monitor urine volume/osmolarity, plasma osmolarity; patients with conditions associated with fluid/ electrolyte imbalances are prone to hyponatremia. -Most important patient education: Inform patients that medication bottle accurately delivers 25 to 50 doses and any solution remaining should be discarded because the amount delivered thereafter may be substantially less than prescribed. |
| Name the 3 types of digitalis effects on the heart. | Inotropic, Chronotropic, Dromotropic |
| regulation of gastric acid secretion |
gastric acid secretion by parietal cells of the gastric mucosa is controlled by acetylcholine, histamine, prostoglandins E2 & I2 & gastrin receptor-mediated binding of Ach, histamine, or gastrin results in activation of a H/K-APTase proton pump that secretes HCl into the lumen of the stomach in contrast, receptor binding of prostaglandins E2 & I2, diminishes HCl production |
| what are the side effects of phenytoin | nystagmus, diplopia, ataxia, sedation, ginigival hyperplasia, hirsutism, anemias, teratogenic |
| What is isotonic | A fluid with the same mineral ratio as the body: prevents dehydration |
| synaptic effects from anesthetics that are most likely involved are: | -more GABA and glycine inhibition -inhibition of ACh, 5HT, and glutamate-opening VG K Channels (hyperpolarize), block ca and Na |
| What are examples of substances that cause sympathomimetic toxidrome? | Cocaine, amphetamines, pseudophedrine, also seen in kids who abuse ADHD medications |
| Proton pump inhibitors are indicated for peptic ulcer, ________, _______, and _________ syndrome | peptic ulcer, gastritis, esophageal reflux, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome |
| What are 2 uses for androgens as drugs? |
-hormone replacement -male contraception |
| Which glaucoma drugs cause a decrease in production of aqueous humor? |
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors beta blockers |
| 4 locals for long duration of action | Tetracaine, bupivacaine, etidocaine, and ropivacaine |
|
First order kinetics (aka Exponential Kinetics) *measured as the rate constant |
What type of kinetics is characterized by a constant fractional change per unit time? |
|
types of depressive disorders: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) (Major Depression) |
lasts at least 2 weeks, marked by depressed mood, anhedonia (no pleasure in anything); symptoms include loss of appetite, weight loss, psychomotor agitation, insomnia, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, diminished ability to think or concentrate recurrent thoughts of death or suicide high co-morbidity w/ anxiety disorders (58%), substance abuse disorder (38.6%) |
| what is the clinical application of olanzapine | schizophrenia positive and negative symptoms, OCD, anxiety disorder, depression |
| What are analgesics? What are the three main categories? | Drugs that relieve painacetaminophen *tylenol, aspirin, and NSAIDS |
| Antidysrythmics are classified in Vaughn-Williams and Singh Classification System What are the Class: |
I- Sodium Channel Blockers II- Beta Blockers III- Potassium Blockers IV- Misc. |
| mechanism of action of local anesthetics | block initiation & propagation of AP by preventing voltage-dep. inc. in Na permeability that accompanies a small inc. in mem depolarization |
| What are the two major toxicities? | Nephrotoxicity (esp. when used with cephalosporins) and Ototoxicity (esp. when used with loop diuretics). amiNOglycosides |
| What ingredient is in cold nasal spray? | oxymetazoline - stimulates adrenergic receptors to cause vasocontriction |
| Probenecid (1 name and function) |
An uricosuric drug, primarily used in treating gout or hyperuricemia, that increases uric acid removal in the urine. One of its trade names is 'Benuryl.' Probenecid also decreases the renal excretion of some drugs. |
| What do the other 9 families of the P450 system metabolize? | endogenous compounds...such as steroids and fatty acids |
|
What is the BP of a normal heart? When is the follow up? |
Less than 120/80 Every 2 years |
| What is pharmacokinetics and what are the four steps? | The study of drug concentrations during processes of: 1. absorption 2. distribution 3. metabolism and 4. excretion |
| What is the MOA of DDT? | Delays closing of Na channels and prevents opening of K channels. This leads to repeated action potentials, temors, and exaggerated startle reflexes. |
| what are the side effects of carbamazepine | diplopia, ataxia, CYP induction, blood dyscrasias, liver toxicity |
| What is true of a bacteriostatic antibiotic? | It inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. |
| how dopamine or norepinephrine increase heart rate | Act through D1 or B1 G protein receptor to simulate cAMP production increasing all 3 ionic currents in phase 4 (SA/AV node) that increases its slope. |
|
common long-acting beta 2 agonist: formeterol (Foradil) |
onset of action 15 min; peak 1-3 hrs; duration 12 hrs aerolizer inhaler: easy to use delivery system that allows pts to "see, hear, feel" that they have correctly taken their meds (dry powder) 1 dose BID newly approved in US; comparable to salmeterol approved for adults and kids 5 yrs + w/ reversible obstructive airway disease including those w/ nocturnal asthma also indicated for the prevention of EIA in adults/kids 12 yrs + not a "rescue med" well tolerated |
| 3 basic mechanisms of action for anticonvulsants |
1. Decrease Na influx 2. Decrease Ca influx 3. Increase GABA |
| What is so special about insulin glargine? | It has rapid onset of action, relatively constant rate of release (no troughs or peaks), and long duration of action! |
| 3 factors affecting rate of anesthesia induction | Speed of induction is directly related to concentration, rate of induction is varies directly with respiratory minute volume, speed of induction inversely related to Ostwald coefficient, rate of entry into blood varies inversely with rate of pulmonary blo |
| Since it is cheaper why is coumarin not used as an anticoagulant in tubes of blood? | Coumarins reduce the presence of Vit Kdependent factors, works in vivo |
| Local anesth. block neurons the best that have what kind of firing frequency? | High (fast) because of the open sodium channels (pain fibers are the example) |
| What is hormesis? Give 2 examples. |
When high and low doses of a drug have varying effects. e.g. Vitamins, antibacterials |
| d | day |
| sol | solution |
| H | hypodermic |
| R | rectal |
| dil | dilute |
| enuls | emulsion |
| Fosamax | Alendronate |
| Plavix | Clopidogrel |
| Evista | Raloxifene |
| Congentin | Benztropine |
| Keflex | Cephalexin |
| Diovan | Valsartan |
| Bentyl | Dicyclomine |
| Slo-bid | theophylline |
| Ranitidine | Zantac |
| Haldol | Haloperidol |
| Lexapro | SSRI |
| Zyrtec | cetirizine |
| Humira | adalimumab |
| Zyprexa | olanzapine |
| Biaxin | clarithromycin |
| Tri-Sprintec | Hormone |
| (Antiemetic) | |
| Methylphenidate | Concerta |
| Sustiva | efavirenz |
| Desyrel | Trazodone |
| APAP | acetaminophen (Tylenol) |
| disc,DC, dc | discontinue |
| ss | one half |
| Niaspan | Niacin (ER) |
| bisacodyl | Stimulant Laxatives |
| Symmetrel | Amantadine (Anti-Parkinson) |
| Azulfidine | Sulfasalazine (Antibiotic) |
| Depakote | divalproex sodium |
| levothyroxine Sodium | Hormone |
| Augmentin | amoxicillin clavulanate |
| Trimox | Pencillin Antibiotic |
| Rabeprazole sodium | Aciphex |
| Donepezil HCl | Aricept |
| bid | twice a day |
| PM, p.m., P | afternoon |
| 1ml | 20gtts or 100units |
| Diovan-HCT | Valsartan + Hydrochlorothiazide |
| Black & white | ? |
| Librium | Chlordiazepoxide (Antianxiety, C-IV) |
| tamsulosin | Alpha 1 Blocker |
| Irbesartan | Angiotensin II Antagonist |
| Rosiglitazone maleate | Avandia (Antidiabetic) |
| FDA | Food and Drug Administration |
|
Cephalexin |
trade: Keflex prototype of cephalosporin |
| stimulates cellular metabolism | thyroid hormone |
| Is mefloquine orally bio-available? | YES |
| Fentanyl | Morphine. Short half life |
| Norethindrone & Ethinyl Estradiol | Hormone |
| antidoe | substance to neutralize a poison |
|
Griseofulvin |
antifungal used to treat infection caused by trichophyton microsporm epidermophyton |
| The Big Four of Pharmacokinetics | A-D-M-EAbsorptionDistributionMetabolismExcretion |
|
- Thiazolinediones - PPAR agonists, increases trans of insulin responsive genes, enhances uptake in SKM (not pancreas) - Tx: DM, w/metformin - S/E: elevated LFTs, edema, fluid retention (CHF) |
Rosiglitazone Pioglitazone |
| Haldol deconoate | IM every 4 weeks |
| Can isoniazid be admin'd IM? | YES |
| Name a solution containing alcohol: | elixirs |
| Opioid Analgesics | Codeine, Darvocet-N 100 (propoxyphene/acetaminophen), Demerol (meperidine), Dilaudid (hydromorphone), Fentanyl, Morphine, Vicodin |
| Parental | Invasive method of administering drugs - requires skin to be punctured by needle, Needle with syringe attached is introduced: under skin - subcutaneous and intradermal, into muscle: intramuscular, into vein: intravenous, and into body cavity - intracavitary |
| Most commonly used loop diuretic? | furosemide (Lasix) |
| Diazepam / Valium |
Class: Benzodiazepine / Anticonvulsive Indications: Seizures,anxiety Contraindications: Hypersensitivity Side Effects: Hypotension,amnesia,Respiratory depression Dosage: 2-10mg Route: IV,IM |
| Extraction | the effect of first-pass hepatic elimination on bioavailability is expressed as the extraction ratioER=CLliver/Q, where Q=hepatic blood flow |
| Generic name | Offical, nonproprietary name used after patent loss |
|
- intermediate acting insulin (1-2h onset, 18-24h dur) - mix of insulin & zinc |
Lente |
| types of schizophrenia | paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, residual |
| Jaundice - a sign of hyperbilirubinemia may occur in pts. taking what PI? | atazanavir |
| QID- Routine Drugs | 0900, 1300, 1700, 2100 |
| Aqueous suspensions of insoluble drugs in hydrated form. Aluminum hydroxide gel, USP, is an example | gels |
| Morphine AE | RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION, ELEVATIONS OF INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE, NEUROTOXICITY, constipation, withdrawal |
| Oxycodone HCL (immediate release) | OxyIR and Roxicodone |
| toxicity | degree to which a substance is poisonous |
| Key point for antidysrhythmics... The key point: Any abnormality in cardiac automaticity or impulse conduction will result in some type of _________. Then, an __________ agent will be prescribed! | dysrhythmia, antidysrhythmic |
| Diphenhydramine / Benadryl |
Class: Antihistamine (blocks H receptor site) Indications: Allergic reactions Contraindications: NONE Side Effects: NONE Dosage: 25-50mg Route: IV,IM |
| Competitive antagonism | requires that agonist can be overcome |
| inhibits the secretion of acid by cells of the lining of the stomach. | antiulcer |
|
- sedation, relaxation, alt to EtoH - GABA-R interaction - S/E: yellow skin/nails, hepatotoxic, don't mix with EtoH |
Kava |
|
- Synthetic TRH, stimulates release of TSH - Dx of hypothalmic (TSH, T3/T4 normalize), pituitary gland (TSH, T3/T4 no change), or thyroid gland (TSH increase, T3/t4 no change) problem |
Protirelin |
| All oral medication prescribed must be equal to the same number of milligrams in the tablet. | True |
| Of which nucleoside is stavudine an analog? | T |
| How is quinine excreted? | Rapidly by the kidneys |
| Scabies | A contagious disease caused by S. scabiei, the itch mite, characterized by intense itching of the skin and injury to the skin (excoriation) resulting from scratching. |
| What modulates stroke volume? |
1. Increased contractility 2. Increased venous return |
| The highest incidence of this infection occurs one to two years after exposure | tuberculosis (TB) |
| Atomexetine | Strattera; BBW for liver injury and suicide ideation |
| Agonist | drugs that bind to receptors and mimic the body's own regulatory molecules |
| When a patient has experienced infiltration of a peripheral infusion of dopamine, the nurse knows that injecting the alpha-blocker phentolamine (Regitine) will result in: a) local vasoconstriction b) local vasodilation c) local analgesia d) local hypot | B) local vasodilation |
| losartan - Cozaar | ARB - angiotensin II receptor antagonists |
| movement of a drug across a cell membrane into body cells. | transport |
|
- Rapid onset analog (inversion at AA 28/29 keeps a monomer) - fast absorption, duration 2-5h - exists as monomer mostly - insulin pumps |
Lispro |
| A pharmacy in a hospital or institutional setting | Inpatient setting |
| Parasympathetic nervous system | Slowing the heart, contricting the pupils, and relaxing the bowels during normal conditions. |
| Which of the azoles may be formulated as troches for the treatment of oral candidiasis? | clotrimazole |
| PSNS GI tract | increased tone and motility, increased secretions, increased salvation |
| What are the endogenous anticoagulants? | Prostacyclin, NO, Heparin, Antithrombin, Protein C and Protein S |
| The proper amount of a medicine or agent prescribed for a given patient or condition | dosage |
| carbidopa (Lodosyn) | PO; decreases peripheral breakdown of levodopa so given w/levodopa. |
| Tegretol decreased the effectiveness of what drugs? | estrogen contraceptives, theophylline, Dilantin |
| Amiodarone (Cordarone) is aviailable in what drug routes? | Oral, injectable & IV routes |
| regular insulin - Regular | Short-acting insulin - Type 1-2 diabetes mellitus |
| Misoprostol (Cytotec) (Action and contraindication) | Protect gastric mucosa from ulcerating, and for cervical ripening. not if allergic to protaglandins and for pregnant women. |
|
- coats ulcer craters, increases mucous and bicarb, inhibits pepsin & is ANTIBac to Hpylori - S/E: darken stool and mouth * Used to tx traveler's diarrhea (antiinflammatory and antiobiotic) |
Colloid Bismuth subcitrate Bismuth subsalicylate* |
| National board for the certification of pharmacy technicians | Pharmacy Technician Certification Board |
| Continuing griseofulvin therapy will (worsen or decrease) AEs associated with its use. | With continued use, AEs decrease |
| Is flagyl more effective in dividing or non-dividing cells? | equal in both |
| What is a side effect of ALL antihypertensive drugs? | Orthostatic hypotension |
| State relations between Kg and # | 1 Kg = 2.2# |
| elidel + protopic | not for <2 years due to cancer |
| How long do normal seizures usually last? | 30 seconds-2 mins |
| c (should have a bar over the top of the c) | with |
| losartan (Cozaar) is an _______what?________________ receptor blocker, antihypertensive drug. | Angiotensin II receptor blocker = Cozaar |
| celecoxib - Celebrex | selective COX 1 inhibitor - s/s OA, RA, dysmenorrhea |
|
- depot prep, 1 every 3 mons - inhibits ovulation, suppresses LH surge - causes atropy, delays fertility recoverys - weight gainm insomnia, osteoporosis |
DMPA (Medroxyprogesterone acetate) |
| Which of the following should n ot be sent in the pneumatic systems? | Glass containers |
| Which of the azoles may be given PO or IV? | voriconazole |
| What are the adverse effects of Warfarin? | Bleeding, cross-placental barrier, drug interactions |
| Beta blockers are used to treat | hypertension, angina, arrythmias, and migraine |
| What are some causes of seizures? | congenital abnormalies, hypoxia (lack of O2) at birth, alcohol or benzondiazepine withdrawal, uremia, hypo/hyperglycemia,head trauma, cancer/brain tumor vascular disease, stroke, alzheimers, infectious diseases, febrile seizures in children |
| Instructions to Pharmacist | Rx - name and size of medication, Sig - instructions for label (Amount to take per dose-1 tablet, When to take - at bedtime, How to take - with food, Disp - Number to dispense, Number of time be refilled, and May or may not substitute generic. |
| legend drug (Prescription) | What type of drug does the federal law prohibit dispensing without a prescription? |
|
- equal parts partially degraded FSH & LH - women: promotes follicular growth and maturation - men: promotes spermatogenesis, tx cryptorchidism - given IM |
Human Menopausal Gonadotropins (hMG) [menotropins] |
| What AEs are associated with pyrantel pamoate? | mild GI, HA, dizziness, rash |
| How does nitroglycerin treat angina? | Nitrates are denitrated in VSM cells to NO which activates guanylyl cyclase which converts GTP to cGMP. cGMP dephosphorylates MLC and prevents interaction of mysoin and actin, relaxing vessels (smooth muscle), esp. veins |
| Which AED is in injection form and is not water soluble, irritating to veins | Fosphenytoin (Cerebyx) |
| How does atrovastatin (Lipitor) work? | It blocks an enzyme that is necessary for the production of cholesterol. In a nutshell, it stops the production of cholesterol. |
| Of the three different sites on the nephron listed below, which is generally the safest area to use a drug to modulate kid activity? a.Loop of Henle/Loop Diuretics, b.Proximal Tubule/Carbonic Anhydrase Drugs, c.Distal Tubule/Collecting Duct/Thiazides | c.Distal Tubule/Collecting Duct - Thiazide Drugs |
| As a result of its AEs, in what patients should itraconazole therapy be avoided? | Pts. with ventricular dysfunction |
| What are the side effects of adrenaline? | Large increase in blood pressure (A-1), increased heart rate and contractility (B-1), increased calcium concentration inside heart cells triggering arrhythmia |
| Because 2/3 of patients with Epilepsy will be treatment responsive and remain on medication for several years, what must the prescriber base his AED selection on? | Most tolerable, lowest potential for harm and least negative impact of quality of life |
| Because of the potent dilating effect on arteries, what should you check as a nurse before giving nitroglycerins (Nitro-Bid or Nitrostat perhaps)? | you have gotta check their BLOOD PRESSURE. If it is low already, you are going to bottom them out. When the dilation occurs, the blood pressure drops. |
| How would you develop the MAR and the dose that was given, beyond signing your initials? | Time, route and site (intramuscular) |
| Why would ARB be used in treatment of CHF over ACE Inhibitors? | To avoid cough side effect |
| What kinds of drugs are considered deliriants? | PCP and PCP like drugs (Ketamine, Detromethorphan & Nitrous Oxide) |
| Recall that for 1st-order kinetics the rate of elimination was exponential but what is it for zero-order? | Linear (However NB that CL is not constant as it is in 1st-order, in this case it varies with conc of drug: CL = Vmax/ (Km + C), thus as C increases the CL decreases) |
| In what patients would Nifedipine be used to treat angina? | Those with high blood pressure and a failing heart |
| What is the key drug in the osmotic diuretics class? | Mannitol : the osmotic diuretic of choice. Used commmonly in the early stages of renal failure. |
| What should you do if a person has a seizure for over 2-5 minutes, does not awaken or behave normally after, or another seizure begins soon after the first? What is this called? | CALL 9-1-1!!! These things indicate Status epilepticus, a neurological emergency that can cause brain damage/death |
| What types of drugs are used to treat hyperlipidemia? | 1. Statins; 2. Niacins; 3. Bile Acid Binding Resins; 4. Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors; 5. Fibrates |
