Complete List of Terms and Definitions for Phil Test
| Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
| hexus | disposition |
| Categorical Imperative | do X |
| syllogism | form of formal argument |
| Modesty | S: emotional experienceE: prudeD: shameless |
| Turing Machine |
1.Extremely basic abstract symbol-manipulating devices which can be adapted to simulate the logic of any computer. 2. Described in 1936 by Alan Turing. 3. Though they were intended to be technically feasible, Turing machines were not meant to be a practical computing technology, but a thought experiment about the limits of mechanical computation; thus they were not actually constructed. |
| Proactive Leaders | On-going life giving relationships, able to anticipate problems and lead out of place of strength, see "big picture", and knows what they believe. |
| Wittiness | S: human speech and actionE: buffooneryD: boarishness |
| what is philosophy | the love of wisdom |
| Pogge | Affluent nations have a duty to alleviate poverty in poorer nations. |
| Ellison v. brady | Reasonable woman/man instead of reasonable person. |
| greatest evil that can befall a man | foolishness |
| What is Logic | The study of valid argument |
| Define Idealism | Only minds exist. Physical objects do not exist independently of minds, and there is no matter out of which physical objects are made. |
| Third Man | There is a bigger and bigger ultimate |
| Altruistic Hedonism | the only intrinsic good is happiness and everyone's happiness is equally valuable |
| nihilism | view that either nothing exists or the view that nothing deserves to exist, or the wish for destruction |
| inductive argument | in a good inductive argument the thruth of the premises make the conclusion likely |
| What is the Recollection Argument? | We possess some non-empirical knowledge of concepts are birth. This implies that the soul existed before birth. |
| 5 claims of CR |
1. different societies have different moral codes 2. moral code of a society determines wat is right within that society 3. There is no objective standard that can be used to judge one society’s code as better than another’s. 4. The moral code of our society has no special status 5. It is arrogant for us to judge other cultures. We should always be tolerant of them. |
| Eliminative MaterialismLess Radical |
1.Present mental theory is wrong. What we are is a brain. Our concept of a mental world of beliefs and thoughts is just a myth. We are just complex physical systems. Our minds are non-existent. 2.We don’t have beliefs or desires. Less Radical It is hard to map our beliefs |
| appeal to ignorance | when state something has not been proven one way or another but a definite conclusion is drawn |
| Tell about euodia and syntyche |
significant enough that Paul got everyone in the church to help them They have one sentence in history in the bible |
| What is considered Reasonable | Average person would have to find situation hostile. |
| Herbert Dreyfus and Stuart Dreyfus' objections to Strong AI through the Expertise/Knowledge argument |
Five Steps to Expertise 1.Novice (context free) you have never seen a car wonder how steering wheel works sit in it work at the peddles 2.Advanced Beginner (situational) you go driving with your parents and you come to situations like stop signs and you learn to stop 3.Competence (Goals in Situation) you get to the point that your parents say let's drive to the store, includes all of the previous situations MACHINES CAN ONLY GO TO HERE 4.Proficiency (Intuition but analytic) you realize that bridges freeze faster than the street does, that the road gets slippery after it rains so you should slow down 5.Expertise (react corectly) you see kids playing in the street you know that you should stop. It is even unconscious. We are an embodied intelligence, we learn things by “doing”. You could read a book about how to ski, but usually it is very different when you are actually skiing Knowing in some area the right thing to do, it is instinctive sometimes you can't even rationalize why you did it you just “know” |
| what is cartisian dualism | mind and body are distinct substances, body is material mind in immaterial, they are 2 substances with a contigent relationship. (can be together, then not together) |
|
Jus in bello: rule of proportionality |
The amount of destruction permitted in pursuit of a military objective must be proportionate to the importance of the objective |
| The Consciousness Objections of AI |
Computers may one day be very intelligent but they will never be conscious, i.e., they will never have qualitative experiences (qualia) because: (1) materialism (physicalism) is false OR (2)computers have the wrong origin OR (3)computers are made of the wrong stuff ––––––––––––––– Therefore, Strong AI cannot succeed. |
| What three thHings had threatened there unity? |
Selfish ambition - only doing stuff for your good Vain conciet-focusing only on yourself and put u at the top Looking out only for yourself- goes against the second greatest commandment |
| Righteous Indignation (how we feel about other's success) | S: envy, spiteE: envy in painD: spiteful likes pain |
| 2) What is the significance of the Vedic Hymn of Origins? | This Hymn speculates about the beginning of the universe and suggests that its origin lies beyond both being and non-being. If there is some entire reality that is more fundamental than existence and non-existence, it seems beyond our ability to know, refer to or describe directly, as the author seems to suggest. |
| Checker game as an example of symbolic AIChinook 2007 |
Program learned - not simply exhaustive search 2. Program generalized, not merely rote learning (playing against itself as well as others) 3. Program beat Samuel, the programmer! 4. 1962 – Program beat Robert Nealey, |
| 1. How does Jainism conceive of karmic matter? Discuss its mass aspect, its force aspect, and its atomic constituency. | Unlike some other schools of Indian philosophy Jainism conceives of karma in material terms. Karmic matter is supposed to bridge the theoretical gap between physics, psychology and morals. It is a subtle and imperceptible except as an aggregate of particles which are thought to float about and accumulate, sticking to souls that perform bad acts. It has the effect of preventing souls from attaining release, and is said to be like a seed in that it bears future fruit for better or worse determining the soul's future existence. The atoms of karma are held to be indivisible. |
|
Jus ad bellum a just peace |
a war should result in a peace that is just and sustainable as a result of its justness |
| Euthyphro's third definition of piety and impiety | what is dear to ALL the gods is pious and what is not to ALL the gods in impious |
| endaimonia | happiness, good luck |
| "Images" level of thinking | Imagining |
| Types of Conflict | Interpersonal/Intergroup: conflict between two or more people, or between two or more groups, Intrapersonal or intragroup: conflict within a person or group, and Interrole conflict: Disagreement between two or more roles simultaneously fulfilled by one person, i.e. wearing too many hats, then important jobs are uncompleted , psychological stress intensifies, and ability to perform is impaired. |
| law | absolute and excetion-less rule |
| Advertising | Form of communication, two parts: direct information message, and encrypted or sublime message. |
| Wisdom is... | -logos-mind and soul are one |
| amphibole | when an arguer misinterprets an ambiguous statement and draws a faulty conclusion based on misinterpretation. |
| Discrimination | to treat people differently based on their group membership. |
| Successful managers | Must be empathic (Involved), bridge builders. |
| Identity | You either are pregnant or you're not |
| red herring | arguer diverts attention by changing the subject to a different one. arguer finishes the argument by drawing conclusion about new subject or assumes something has been proven |
| John Stuart Mill | Helped to develop Utilitarianism with Bentham. |
| Donaldson Internation Rights | Freedom of physical movement, private ownership of property, freedom from state oppression, fari trial in accusations, non-discrimination in race, creed, or gender, protection of person and home, freedom of speech and assembly, some type of education, freedom of political choice, and ability to make a living. |
| defense against meletus | frivolous charges, no motives to corrupt youth, and of course he believes in gods |
| reductionism | showing that an object that appears to be one kind of thing can really be reduced to more basic kind of thing |
| What is epistemology | Theory of Knowledge. that asks questions such as what is the difference between knowledge and true opinon? how is knowledge obtained? and Does knowledge require certainity? |
| Define a posteriori knowledge | Knowledge that depends on experience. For example, the statemente "some bachelors are very happy". |
| Euthyphro's first definition of piety and impiety | to prosecute the wrongdoer |
| Automata Theory: Definition and Value |
Definition of Automata Theory 1.Body of physcial and logical principles 2.underlying the operation of any actual or virtual computational device (an automaton) 3.converts information input in one form into another, or into some action 4.study of abstract machines and their functions Value of Automata Theory 1.Helps us to see the rules of the game, peer beneath the complexion of the game in all of its mechanics 2.We saw that assumptions were embedded, realize that creator made assumptions 3.Sets up converting it into something that a machine can do |
| circumstantial | you only want to legalize weed bc your a pot smoking hippie |
| what does locke believe | we never experience the world directly, we experience the world thru ideas |
| Converse Relations | X is taller than Y implies Y is shorter than X |
| Von Neumann Computer Architecture vs. PDP architecture |
1.Von Neumann machines 1.Typically a CPU + memory, running one big program digitally and serially (symbolic AI) 2.PDP 1.Neural networks that run things in parallel (connectionism) 2.Parallel distributive processing |
| What is Ontology/ Metaphysics | Theory of Being that asks questions such as what is it for something to be rea? what is the nature of existence? what is the difference b/t apperance and reality? |
| Formal Cause | The shape that makes it what it is: a circle with a hole in the middle is what makes it a bagel |
| Church/Turing Tests (4 theses) |
1. Whatever can be calculated by a machine (working on finite data in accordance with a finite program of instructions) is Turing-machine-computable 2. All computers functions are computable by Turing Machine 3. Any effective computation or algorithmic process can be done by a Turing Machine 4. The limits of Turing machines... also describe theoretical limits of all computers |
| appeal to pity | you shouldn't fire me i am a single mom and my family wouldnt survive without the money |
| Business's liable in two ways | If employee harasses a customer and no action is take, and/or if customer harasses employe and company does nothing to protect employee. |
| appeal to force | family guy is a great show. i will kill you if you disagree |
| What differentiates a good will from a bad will? | the motive from which it acts |
| 5) What is the meaning of Uddalaka's teaching, "You are That (Tat tvam asi)"? | In the Chandogya Upanishad the father of Shvetaketu, Uddalaka, teaches his son that Brahman, the ultimate reality is nothing other than the true or ultimate self (Atman). Shvetaketu learns that the subtle essence of the whole world (Brahman) is identical with his own Self, so that Self knowledge is knowledge of the real universe. |
| What are two criticisms of the Affinity Argument? |
1. It assumes Materialism to be false. If mind - brain, then the soul is visible. 2. The strength of analogical arguments is dubious at best; the analogies must have sufficient detail to be persuasive. |
| What is Plato's Principle of Causation? |
1. The cause of being P must be P itself, not the opposite of being P. 2. Causes must be objects, otherwise the principle is absurd. 3. The objects in question must be Forms. |
| cave prisoners- |
uneducated people ignorant |
| Confucius |
551-479 BCE major Chinese philosopher belief in filial piety, civil service exams, and education |
| "Civil resistance is courageous" | Gandhi |
| Potentiality | Changing because it lacks something. |
| existentialism | a philosophical attitude associated with Sartre that stresses the individual's unique position as an agent responsible for the authenticity of choices |
| Declarative Statement | statement of how things are |
| why are we here?Aristotle: | to live virtuously |
|
In The Foundations of Empirical Knowledge, Ayer says that veridical and delusive sense-data can be distinguished by way of their intrinsic qualities. |
F |
| When was the Buddha born? | 566 BCE |
| Materialism | all aspects of the universe are composed of matter and energy and can be explained by physical laws |
| Contemplation (happiness) | few who live the contemplative life |
| Theoretical aim | to discover those underlying features of actions, persons, and otheritems of moral evaluation that make them right or wrong, good or bad, and thus explain why such items have the moral properties they have. |
| Complete the following quote: "Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a ____________. | Universal Law |
| interval scales are all that are required for decisions under risk | true |
| Bodily View | X is the same person as Y |
| Immanuel Kant | objects exist in time in spaceINNER SENSE=TIMEOUTER SENSE=SPACE |
| Clear and Distinct Ideas | clarity and distinctness are hallmarks of any indubitable and certain ideas; have a clear and distinct idea is a necessary and sufficient condition of having a true idea; “I call clear that perception which is present and manifest to an attentive mind”-Descartes |
| generality | less detail a claim provides the more general it is |
| True or False? In his article, "Rights to Health Care, Social Justice, and Fairness in Health Care Allocations: Frustrations in the Face of Finitude," H. Tristram Englehardt Jr., the libertarian, argues that a single, mandatory, comprehensive health-care | False |
| odds that don't expose you to certain loss are coherent | DeFinetti |
|
Affirming the consequent |
FALLACY I eat apples and then I am happy. I am happy. Therefore I ate apples. opposite: modus ponens |
| Moral Objectivism (Absolutism) | The view that there are universally binding moral standards which are independent of cultural norms and individual preferences. |
| Pleasure [Epicurus] |
-Happiness in life = look for moderate pleasure -moderate because extreme pleasure in long run = pain [measures out pleasure against pain] -problems: estimating is hard -distorting judgement from past experiences -probability -right in front of you might exaggerate pleasure -weakness of will --> right estimate, wrong choice -good life = eliminate pain in body and soul by correctly estimating pleasure and to pursue only those while detaching self from all pleasure that are not good -piece of mind = quiet life -one thing intrisnsically good = pleasure -lin run, only will be happy if concern self with necessary pleasures -greatest fear = death -overcome death, overcome fear in life -painful only in anticipation -wise dont reject life, nor fear death |
| A: Smiley is guilty of arson. He confessed it was him who started the fire.B: You are wrong. Smiley has not even been accused of starting the fire, so there's no way he could be (proven) guilty. This dispute is... | merely verbal |
| law of parsimony | a principle according to which an explanation of a thing or event is made with the fewest possible assumptions |
| Simple addition rule | If A and B are mutually exclusive, then P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) |
| target population (target) | set of Xs trying to generalize a conclusion about |
| Argument From Pity | In Example>Buy me a car cause i'm poor! |
| definition by synonym | a term that has the same meaning as the definiendum. |
| What is Act Utilitarianism? | the right action is the one which produces the greatest amount of happiness or pleasure for the greatest number of beings. |
| What is the difference between Hobbes's version of contractarianism and Rawls's version? | Hobbes: actual contract among everyone in a communityRawls: hypothetical contract that would have been agreed upon by purely selfish and rational thinkers who are ignorant of their positions in society. |
| Ontological Argument (the a priori argument based on definition of God)- | begins with idea of perfection/ a perfect being, so the very concept of God implies His existence |
| What are the stages of Descarte's method of doubt? | - senses - dreams - imperfection |
| Refute:4.Therefore, a first cause exists outside the observable world.5.That first cause is God | Why does the first cause HAVE to be God? Why do any of the properties of the first cause have anything to do with God? |
| What does King mean when he says “injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere”? | - whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly- allowing injustice in one place is allowing injustice everywhere- spreads by example |
| What is a sound argument? | It is valid and it's premises are all true. |
| According to Aristotle, what is the “telos” of a human being? Why does he think this? | - telos- goal- telos of people is catharsis - performing one's function or fulfilling their purpose- everything has a purpose/function |
|
Outline of Paley's Version of the Design (teleological) Argument A Posteriori |
P1: The universe is like a watch in that they both have a design P2: A watch also has a purpose and a maker P3: Anthing with a design has a purpose and a maker CONCLUSION: The universe likely has a maker |
