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Definitions |
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la validità
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Validity
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determinism
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lack of freedom
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everything is always changing
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Heraclitus
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Sophists
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-traveling paid educations
-clever skillful wise
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What is "Kallipolis"?
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the ideal state
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Socrates
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Care of soul greatest priority
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Thales
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Pre-Socratic
interested in basic world stuff
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Immanuel Kant
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Born in Königsberg, Germany to
harness-maker and Pietist mother.
Studied mathematics, physics,
astronomy, and philosophy at
Albertus University in Königsberg.
Worked as tutor and lecturer, until
he was awarded a chair in
metaphysics and logic.
Published The Critique of Pure
Reason in 1751, and Groundwork
for the Metaphysics of Morals in
1785.Immanuel Kant
Kant defended the idea of an
absolute moral law.
“Two things fill the mind with ever
new and increasing admiration and
awe, the more often and steadily we
reflect upon them: the starry
heavens above me and the moral
law within me” (Critique of Practical
Reason, 1799).
Kant formulated several versions of
this law, and he argued that each
version was equivalent to each of
the others. Few believe that they
are equivalent today, but they are
each interesting. Immanuel Kant
(1724-1804) Unless there is no such thing
as morality,
“its law is of such an extensive
significance that it would have to
be valid not merely for human
beings but for all rational beings
in general, and not merely under
contingent conditions and with
exceptions, but with absolute
necessity …” (Groundwork,
4:408)
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A priori cognitions
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cognitions that precede experience
(usually analytic; knowledge before you experience it)
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Occasionalism
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1 explanation for parallelisma busy god at every moment correlates the mental & physical events(takes the occasion of hitting toe to sensation in mind then causes desire to massage toe)
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The _____ syllogism is expressed conditionally using if-then propositions in the premises.
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hypothetical
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Syllogism
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A concise deductive argument, usually consisting of two premises and a conclusion.
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subsist
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to have timeless or abstract existence, as a number, relation, to have independent existence
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nativism
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the theory that humans are biologically equipped with a knowledge of certain universal elements of language structure that is brought into play in the course of native-language acquisition.
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Dualism
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The metaphysical view that there are two types of being: material and mental or spirtual
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free knowledge
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God has foreknowledge of everything that will happen
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TRUE or FALSE: Aristotle thinks that there is only one universe, but it has different aspects and things inside it: some physical aspects/items and some non-physical aspects/items.
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True
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Explain
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To make understandable, in any of several waysTo show why something happened, or how something fits into a larger pattern, or how it is made of simpler elements
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Albert Camus
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Existentialist author of The Stranger and The Plague
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Cosmology
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The branch of philosophy dealing with the origin and general structure of the universe with its parts, elements, and laws. With such of its characteristics as space, time, causality and freedom.
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Abortion is immoral, deprives the fetus of a "future like ours"
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Marquis support
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panoply
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a wide-ranging and impressive array or display:
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phronesis
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wisdom in determining ends and the means of attaining them
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Theorems
(Chapter 12)
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Propositions or truth claims that are typically deduced using logical rules from a set or anxioms or first principles
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consequentialism
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According to the definition of _, the value of an action is not determined by its principle.
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Argument
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a group of reasons or premises that are supposed to prove or establish a conclusion
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the argument form: affirming the consequent, is called a fallacy because:
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it is invalid
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LaPlace
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A hard determinist - freedom to will does not exist, choices are determined Nothing comes into existence without a cause that produces it (supported by universal mechanismsConsequencesThere is no such thing as chance - just ignorance of causesThere is no \"final causes\" in nature, no explanations need appeal to purposesex: people used to think that the purpose of comets was to show God's displeasureObjectionIf we can make sense of the will having power over itself, human actions might be a releve
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Narrative
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This is the object of Hauerwas' theory proving that ethics can be found within narratives. Narratives form and shape our moral ethics. Narratives also reveals characters. It provides situations for characters to make ethical decisions in, creating character development.
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Negative freedom
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The right to be free from things
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Jehovah's witnesses
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-started by Charles Taze Russell in 1868
-called Watchtower Society
-started magazine called Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence
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solate
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to change from a gel to a sol.
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locus
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a center or source, as of activities or power:
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Red Herring Fallacy
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Arguer tries to distract the attention of the audience by raising an irrelevant issue
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195. (a) What do we call the aspect inside a physical thing that makes it ABLE to change?
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matter
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M. Luther
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posted the 95 thesis on the castle door 16th (1519)
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Verification Theory of Meaning
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Theory states that a non-analytic statement is only meaningful if it is verifiable/testable by sense experience and observation.
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reductio ad absurdum
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an argument that begins by assuming the opposite of what one wishes to prove
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Problems that arise when the concepts within a theory appear to be vague, ambiguous, circularly defined or contradictory.
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Internal conceptual problems
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ascetic
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a person who dedicates his or her life to a pursuit of contemplative ideals and practices extreme self-denial or self-mortification for religious reasons.
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Properties
(Chapter 12)
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A quality or attribute of a thing or substance that cannot exist independent of some substance. Example: color and beauty
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absolute strict identity
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an object is itself at one specific instant of time, it anything is taken away or added to it, it looses its identity
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What did Socrates think the most important and puzzling topic was?
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The human condition itself
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What is the central focus in espistemology?
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How do we know?
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Over the years your body parts come and go, as do your mental states, but they are all aspects of the same person.
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Unity through time
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argument against SS based on falibility
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“[C]onsider Falwell, who says that homosexuality is immoral. [If Simple Subjectivism is true, then] if he is speaking sincerely – if he really does disapprove of it – then what he says is true. So long as he is honestly representing his own feelings, his judgments will always be correct. But this contradicts the plain fact that none of us is infallible. Therefore, Simple Subjectivism cannot be correct.” (pp. 38-9) 1. If SS is true, then so long as a person sincerely represents their feelings, no moral opinion that they express can ever be false. 2. But sometimes, people are mistaken in their moral opinions. 3. Therefore, SS is false.
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State the argument against suicide.
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Mankind is one of the gods’ possessions and just as a person would be angry if one of his or her possessions simply killed itself without the person’s permission, so the gods are angry when one of their possessions kills itself without permission
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What is the most important syllogism and what is true of it?
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Mixed Hypothetical
It can be wrong
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What is asceticism?
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Focus on the soul over the body. This is accomplished through strict discipline and study of philosophy, math, music and astronomy.
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The teleological argument infers from the observed order in nature that?
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the universe was created by an intelligent designer
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Hypothetical Syllogism
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If P then Q. If Q then R. Therefore, P then R
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What does "mean" mean to Aristotle?
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This is the middle ground of performing an action virtuously. There is a range of performance levels of moral virtue. This middle ground hits between deficit and excess.
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Why was Socrates the wisest man?
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because he knew that he didnt know anything at all
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The contrast in traditional Christian thought between natural and revealed theology is best illustratedby
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a logical argument that God exists in contrast to the mystery of the trinity
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What are the definitions of belief?
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Verb- acceptance of or assent to the truth of some proposition
Noun- the content of the proposition that is accepted or assented to
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Mencius believes that the principle of propriety (li)
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is developed out of the culture that is created purely socially
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what does Hegel think of the state of nature?
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it is not original or natural.
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How do Jehovah's Witnesses think of God?
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-Jehovah is the only divine name for God and Jesus is equated with Michael the archangel as a lesser god
-the Holy Spirit is God's impersonal active force
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The Problem of Logic (Argument A)
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1. It is always morally wrong to kill an innocent baby. 2. If it is always morally wrong to kill an innocent baby, then abortion is always morally wrong.3. Therefore, abortion is always morally wrong.* This is logical
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What does Jesus not say and what does he do in Matthew 11:2-6?
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He does not just say “believe in me,” He reminds John of the evidence
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