| Terms |
Definitions |
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O3
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ozone
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ozone
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irritates lungs/causes inflammation\r\nassoc. w/wheezing, coughing, painful breathing\r\ndifficulty during outdoor activity\r\nworse in the summer\r\n
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hydrochlorofluorocarbons (1)
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cfc's with hydrogen.
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EPA
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government agency that regulates vehicle emissions in the US
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photochemical smog/LA smog (1)
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yellow/reddish brown
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formaldehyde (1)
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can cause brain cancer
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Criteria air pollutants
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nitrogen oxide\r\ncarbon monoxide\r\nsulfur dioxide\r\nlead\r\nozone \r\nparticulates
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aerolos
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solid or liquid suspended in gas
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oxygen
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carbon monoxide interferes the bloods ability to carry this element
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ipcc (2)
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intergovernmental panel on climate change, shared 2007 NPP w/ Gore.
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particulates (2)
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nitrates, sulfates, asbestos, arsenic, copper, lead, cadmium. can be seen as smoke/soot/dust.
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automobile pollutants (4)
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CO, NOx, O3, hydrocarbons
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temperature inversion
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the atmospheric condition that causes smog to be trapped at ground level by a layer of warm air above it
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Light Pollution
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Unnecessary lights that are pointing upward and wasting energy
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acid rain
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rainwater with a pH below 5
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radiation
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gas that increases the risk of cancer
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Area Source
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Emits pollutants from multiple sources in well defined area (small surban communities, industrial areas)
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carbon monoxide (3)
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colorless, odorless, toxic to humans
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ozone hole (2)
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expands during southern hemisphere's spring/summer, contracts in winter.
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VOC's (3)
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naturally occurring, given off by plants, anthropogenic are worst (urban areas)
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Hydrogen Sulfide (3)
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toxic to plants/humans, corrosive, rotten egg odor.
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Nitrogen Oxides (5)
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yellow-reddish brown, irritating odor, toxic, corrosive, converts to particulate NO3 and nitric acid.
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carbon dioxide
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green house gas that contributes to maintaining the earths temperture
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surface ozone
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green house gas, not ozone layer, strong oxidizers
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circulation
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occurs with air in the atmosphere to keep pollutants from reaching dangerous levels
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Air Pollution
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The contamination of the atmosphere by the introduction of pollutants from human and natural sources
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Milankovitch cycles (2)
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sun/earth orbital variations, lead to variations in solar radiation that the earth receives.
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causes of natural particulate pollution (2)
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forest fires, dust storms
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hydrocarbons (6)
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kind of VOC, paints, cfc's, benzines, formaldehyde, can produce photochemical smog
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Characteristics historic air pollution
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prompted regulations to reduce emissions and improve air quality persistent thermal inversion\r\ndefining topography \r\nsignificant industrial and domestic pollutant emissions
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fossil fuels
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the burning of these is the largest contributor to acid precipitation
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sulfurous smog/london smog (2)
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gray, produced by burning coal/sulfur oxide & particulates.
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greenhouse effect
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sun heats earth, when heat tries to escape, it's trapped by gases (water vapor, anthropogenic) and warms the atmosphere
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Top naturally produced air pollutants (2)
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85 particulates, 91 CO
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causes of SO2 pollution (3)
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burning coal, petroleum refining, production of paper/cement/aluminum.
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what can the surface ozone damage
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soft human tissues and plants
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wind farms in england (2)
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malthias - con. gordon - pro.
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carbon monoxide in atmosphere (3)
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global warming, greenhouse effect, an increase will lead to temps rising on earth.
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ozone in upper at. (3)
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beneficial, reduces UVB & UVC, not UVA, is declining/thinning.
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SO2
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sulfur dioxide
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smog
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urban air pollution
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annex 1 (1)
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industrialized countries
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VOC's
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volatile organic compounds, produced by paint fumes, vehicles and burning fuels
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automobiles
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catalytic converters remove pollutants from exhaust in these
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chlorofluorocarbons (3)
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organic compounds containing carbon/chlorine/fluorine, low reactivity, low flammability.
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Nitrogen oxide
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primary air pollutant\r\nmain ingredient ground level ozone\r\ncontributes to acid rain, atmospheric particles, gloabl warming, and repiraory prolems\r\nforms nitrate particles, acid aerosols\r\nsources: utilities, motor vehicles, industrial/commerical/residential
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Lead
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kidney, nerve, liver damage, osteoporosis\r\nmood changes, behavioral problems, memory loss \r\nhigh blood pressure, heart disease, anemia
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asbestos
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silica fiber product used for insulation that has been found to cause cancer
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ZEV
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car that does not produce emissions
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Primary Pollutant
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Emitted directly into the air
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VOC (2)
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volatile organic compounds / hydrocarbons
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deposition (1)
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removes sulfur dioxide from atmosphere
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Smog (2)
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smoke/fog, principal cause is ozone
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Radon Gas
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Radioactive material that comes up from the ground and can penatrate basements, causing indoor pollution
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power plant
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produces 2/3 of sulfur dioxide emissions
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Secondary Pollutant
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From reactions of primary pollutants with atmospheric compounds (Ozone, NO2, Nitric acid, sulfuric acid, smog)
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atmospheric pollutants (7)
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ozone, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, hyrdocarbons, particulates
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LA & Mexico City (2)
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thermal inversion areas/smog
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causes of human H2S pollution (1)
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industrial plants
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Common features
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temperature inversions (warm, dry air, heavy winds = cool, moist air, light winds)
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primary pollutants
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pollutants that are created by humans that directly pollute air or earth
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Mobile Source
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Emits pollutants as they move from place to place (cars, trucks, trains, planes, boats)
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causes of NOx pollution (1)
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burning coal and oil.
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How many people die from bad air quality in the US ?
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10,000's
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uses of cfcs (4)
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refrigerants (ac & fridges)(freon), propellant in aerosol cans, degreasing solvents, fire suppressants.
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catalytic converter (3)
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CO->CO2, NOx->NO2, hydrocarbons -> CO2 & H2O
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Oct 25-31, 1948 Donora, PA
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20 dead\r\nPollutants not identified\r\nTemp inversion \r\nnarrow river valley
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sound pollution
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pollution that is not harmful to the environment, yet is only harmful to humans if it is above a certain decible level (120db.)
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ways to control air pollution (4)
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filters, settling chambers, centrifugal collectors (particulates), scrubbers (SO2)
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mars, earth, venus (1)
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too cold, just right, too hot
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montreal protocol (2)
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intends to phase out cfcs, repair ozone by 2050.
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dangers of UVB radiation (3)
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skin cancer (basal, squamos). melanoma, cataracts.
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ipcc conclusions (4)
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warming and sea level will continue to rise even is greenhouse gas levels are stabilized, temp will rise (2-11.5) deg in 21st cent, sea levels will rise (7-23) in. in 21st cent, there will be an increase in extreme weather ( drought, heavy rainfall, tropical cyclones, heat waves)
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thermal inversion (2)
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warmer air rises over cool air, traps cooler pollutants below.
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causes of natural NO2 pollution (1)
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trick question, there is none!
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nitrogen in atmosphere (3)
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acts as a fire extinguisher. not deadly by itself, comes from volcanic eruptions, used in fertilizers
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December 5-9, 1952 London, England
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4,000 dead\r\nparticulates found at 12 locations\r\nambient particulates 5x higher than normal \r\ntemperature inversion\r\n
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solar panel recent event (2)
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plane capable of flying with solar panels, and with a lithium battery it will be able to fly overnight.
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Bhopal, India Disaster 1984 (3)
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27 tons of methyl isocyanate was released into the air. 2,000 died 15,000 injured.
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kyoto protocol (2)
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UN, 1977, goal is to be below 1990 levels by 2012
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effects of ozone pollution in the lower atmosphere (2)
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harmful to plants, irritates eyes and respiratory tissues.
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