Pre-AP History
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Complete list of Terms and Definitions for Pre-AP History

Terms Definitions
menkara mycerinous
ahura-mazda wise lord
neolithic new stone age
Another name for Tories Loyalists
3 or 5 pillars shahada ramadan hajj
Shah safavid term for emperor
Confucianism Teaching of relationships: 1. Ruler and Subject 2. Father and Son 3. Husband and Wife 4. Older brother and younger brother 5. Friend and Friend
avesta means sent down by heaven
Fujiwara Japanese aristocratic family in mid-9th century; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power
Augustine influential church father and theologian; Bishop of Hippo; champion of Christian doctrine against various heresies and very important in the long-term development of Christian thought on such issues as predestination
epidemic an outbreak of a contagious disease
Sacrifices Because of this, conquered provinces resent Aztec rule
koran bible or holy book for islam
gilgamesh king of uruk wanted to be immortal
theocrate ruler with religious and political rule
Xuanzong leading Chinese emperor of Tang Dynasty who reigned from 713 to 755 ; he encouraged overexpansion
Polis city-state form of government; typical of Greek political organization from 800-400 BCE
Pericles Athenian political leader during the 5th century BCE; guided development of Athenian Empire; died during early stages of Peloponnesian war; said citizens could participate in city-state assemblies to select officials and pass laws
Socrates Athenian philosopher of later 5th century BCE; tutor of Plato; urged rational reflection of moral decisions; condemned to death for corrupting minds of Athenian youth
Senate assembly of Roman aristocrats; advised on policy within the republic; one of the early elements of the Roman Constitution
Dorians sea raiders (pirates); invaded and conquered Mycenae; their invasions caused the decline of cities, trade, and writing
John Locke supported self-government and argued that the purpose of government is to protect people's rights
Acadians French residents of Nova Scotia, many of whom were uprooted by the British in 1755 and scattered as far south as Louisiana, where their descendants became known as "Cajuns". (116)
Powhatan Indian chief and founder of the Powhatan confederacy of tribes in eastern Virginia
seti 1 pharaoh when moses the hebrew deliverer was born
triangular trade (94) Yankee seamen provisioned the Caribbean sugar islands with fid and finest products. They also hauled Spanish and Portuguese gold, wine, and oranges to London, to be exchanged for industrial goods, which were then sold for a juicy profit in America. The so-called triangular trade was infamously profitable, though small in relation to total colonial commerce. A skipper, for example, would leave a New England port with cargo of rum and sail to the Gold Coast of Africa. bartering the fiery liquor with African chiefs for captures African slaves, he would proceed to the West Indies with his sobbing and suffocating cargo sardined below deck. there he would exchange the survivors for molasses, which he would then carry to New England, where it would be distilled into rum. He would then repeat the trim making a handsome profit on each leg of the triangle.
Abbas I a.k.a. Abbas the Great; stretches Safavid Empire to height of strength and prosperity
Taika Reforms Attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army
Montezuma II Last independant Aztec emperor; killed during Hernan Cortes's conquest of TEnochtitlan
Alexis Romanov 2nd Romanov tsar; abolished assemblies of holes; gained new powers over Russian Orthodox church
Botticelli painted Birth of Venus and La Primavera
Neutrality of 1793 def: proclaimed the government neutrality in the widening conflict but sternly warned the American citizens to be impartial toward both armed camps. Proved to be a major prop of spreading isolation tradition sig: wanted neutral war between England and France
The novel became popular in the 18th century
Stamp Tax (1765) widely unpopular tax on an array of paper goods, repeals in 1766 after mass protests erupted across the colonies. Colonists developed the principle of "no taxation without representation" which questioned Parliament's authority over the colonies and laid the foundation for the future revolutionary claims.
Henry Hudson English navigator who sailed for the dutch and discovered the Hudson River
Shintoism Respect of forces of nature and the worship of ancestors Later combined w/Buddhism
Nile river life blood of egypt gift of the nile annual floods
Edict of Nantes Grant tolerance to Protestants in France in 1598; granted only after lengthy civil war between Cathlolic and Protestant factions
Alexander the Great successor of Phillip II; successfully conquered Persian Empire prior to his death; attempted to combine Greek and Persian cultures; allowed important Indian contacts with Hellenistic; established a small border state called Bactria
Ramayana one of the great epic tales from classical India; traces adventures of King Rama and his wife, Sita
Bread and Circuses Cheap food, the gladiators, the Coliseum
Estate-Generals came into session after 175 because of Maria Antionette's gambling losses
free state a free state that did not allow slavery
New York slave revolt (1712) Uprising of approximately two dozen slaves that resulted in the deaths of nine whites and the brutal execution of 21 participating blacks
4 great river valley civilizations nile river valley tirgris and euphrates river valley indus river valley huang ho or yellow river valley
Treaty of Todesillas Signed in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of posession in New World, reserved Brazil to Portugal; granted all lands west of Brazil to Spain
Mahmud of Ghazni third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of the wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggresion
Sedition act Made it a crime to criticize the government or government officials. Opponents claimed that it violated citizens' rights to freedom of speech and freedom of the press, guaranteed by the First Amendment. sig: cannot say anything false about the gov. or it's a crime
James I the first Stuart to be king of England and Ireland from 1603 to 1925 and king of Scotland from 1567 to 1625
Paxton Boys (90) The Scots-Irish had no love for the British government and they led the armed march of the Paxton Boys on Philadelphia in 1764, protesting the Quaker oligarchy's lenient policy towards Indians.
Time of Troubles Followed death of Ivan Iv without heir early in 17th century; boyars attemped to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613
South Carolina Slave Revolt 1739 -- more than 50 slaves along Stono River tried to march to Spanish Florida but were stopped by local militia
Jose de San Martin gave up command of his army after gaining Argentenian and Chilean independence
align support
Council of Revision ...
Monotheism belief in one god
Confucius China's most influencial scholar; believed that government could be restored in China and that society should be organized around 5 basic relationships: 1) ruler and subject 2) father and son 3) husband and wife 4) older brother and younger brother 5) friend and friend
Parliaments bodies representing privileged groups that institutionalized the feudal principal that rulers should consult with vassals
Guru a wise mystic in Hinduism
neolithic revolution agriculture developed; the succession of technological innovations and changes in human organizations that led to changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture; 8500-3500 b.c.e
Zoroaster a Persian prophet and religous reformer who created an answer for suffering and chaos in the world; believed that two spiritual armies fought for possesion of one's soul; taught ideas similar to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
legion Roman fighting force that spread Rome's power around the Mediterranean; these groups were self-sufficient
Who proposed the Heliocentric theory? Nicolaus Copernicus
Islam Followers of Muhammad, known as Muslims
Pharaoh king of Egypt with immense power
1571 year of the battle of Lepanto
Aristotle a philosopher that stresses the importance of moderation and balance in life as opposed to instability
Maya American civilization that built off the Teotihuacan civilization
Benin 14th century city-state between the coast of Lagos and the Niger River; had artistic traditions in bronze and ivory
Mongols Asian nomadic group that raided regions east of Baghdad
Sachel extensive grassland belt at the southern edge of the Sahara
Mayflower Compact (47) Before disembarking, the Pilgrim leaders drew up and signed the brief Mayflower Compact. ALthough setting an invaluable precedent for later written constitutions, this cument was not a constittion at all. It was a simple agreement to form a crude government and to submiy yo the will of the majority under the regulations agreed upon. The compact was signed by 41 males, 11 of them with the exalted rank of "mister", though not by the servents and two seamen. The pact was a promising step toward genuine self-government.
Philip Freneau Republican editor of National Gazette, associated with Jefferson and quickly became the leader of Republic press.
Cleisthenes an Athenian leader who introduced more reforms to Athens; made Athens a full democracy by breaking up the powers of nobility; increased the power of the assembly by allowing all citizens to submit laws and created the Council of Five Hundred
pyramids the resting place after death for Egyptian kings or pharaohs; used remarkable engineering achievements, didn't use the wheel
Pequot War (1636-1638) Series of clashes between English settlers and Pequot Indians in the Connecticut River Valley. Ended in the slaughter of the Pequots by the Puritans and their Narragansett Indian Allies.
Crimean War Conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans.
Mangrove Tropical tree with roots that extend both above and beneath the water.
Salem Witch Trials 1629 outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria and stress
Stateless societies organized around kinship or other forms of obligation and liacking concentration of political power
Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca to worship Allah at the Ka'ba
Johannas Gutenberg introduced moveable type to western europe which greatly increased the availability of books
Peninsulares Spaniards tat had actually been born in spain
Aztec culture emerged in central mexico; during battle they saw a sign in the marshes of lake Texcoco so Tenochtitlan was founded there
Three-fifths rule The compromise that stated that slaves would count as 3/5 of a person in determining the representation of each state in the House.
Buddhism follow the Eightfold Path and the Four Noble Truths; worship Siddhartha Gautama or Buddha; follow the dharma which is the Buddhist doctrine or law; Buddha rejected the caste system, so many of the earliest followers were laborers and craftspeople
House of Wisdom a combination library, academy, and translation center opened by Caliph al-Ma'mun where scholars of different cultures and beliefs worked side by side
Hinduism cannot be traced back to one founder with a single set of ideas; holy book called Vedas; Hindu teachers meditated on the Vedas and came up with questions the were written down to become the Upanishads; the goal in Hindu life is to reach a state of moksha where you will have perfect understanding; they believe in reincarnation and karma
Draco archon who is believed to have created Athen's first written code of laws that were harsh and severe
middle passage (74) Usually branded and bound, the captives were herded aboard sweltering ships for the gruesome middle passage, on which death rates ran as high as 20 percent.
Iroquois Confederacy a powerful group of Native Americans in the eastern part of the United States made up of five nations: the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondoga, and Oneida
Nationalism The belief that people should be loyal to their nation. A shared sense of culture and history.
What is an Archaeologist? An anthropologist who studies prehistoric people and their culture
Juan de Onate Spanish explorer and conquistador. He claimed New Mexico for Spain in 1598 and served as its governor until 1607.
1517 year that Martin Luther posted his 95 Thesis at Wittenberg
Silk roads trading routes that ran from China across central Asia and into the civilizations of Mesopotamia
Constantine a later Roman emperor who passed the Edict of Milan in 313
Sash Nama important book written by Firdawsi in the late 10th and early 11th centuries
Gregory VII pope during the 11th century who attempted to free the Church from interference of feudal lords and quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over the practice of lay investiture
Mercy Otis Warren A 19th century American historian who wrote a 3-volume history of the American Revolution.
Bill of Rights a statement of fundamental rights and privileges (especially the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution)
Punic Wars war between Rome and Carthage in which a leader named Hannibal came from Africa to Europe with 60 elephants; he won several battles against Rome, but eventually lost
2nd Anglo-Powhatan War Last-ditch effort by the Indians to dislodge Virginia settlements. The resulting peace treaty formally separated white and Indian areas of settlement.
Compromise of 1850 legislation which CA was accepted as free state; TX-NM boundary settled; N TX Panhandle bounday; slave trade banned in Columbia; fugitive slave law; NM and UT organized
Restoration Colonies A number of land grants in North America given by King Charles II of England in the latter half of the 17th century to his supporters in the Stuart Restoration. The two major restoration colonies were the Province of Pennsylvania and the Province of Carolina.
Abu Bakr first caliph; was a close friend to Muhammad; received financial support from the Muslim communities and loosely controlled the army
Golden Horde the name given to Russia and Europe named after the Khan's golden tents in the western section of the Mongol Empire
Chinese Religion less focused on gods and more focused on a harmonious life on earth and a balance between heaven and earth
national capitol The core place of a country where most politics occur.
Neolithic Age Also known as the New Stone Age, from 8000 to 3000 B.C. (approximately); People learned to polish stone tools, make pottery, grow crops and raise animals.
Subject of focus of humanists in studying classical texts Human potential and achievements
Who were the Phoenicians? Developed the alphabet that gave rise to the Hebrew, Greek and Latin alphabets of today
Ivan III (Ivan the Great) claimed succession from the Rurik dynasty, he organized a strong army, gave the government a new military emphasis and patronized orthodox christianity
battle of Lepanto when a Spanish fleet was defeated by an ottoman navy; it stopped the rivalry between theMuslim and European navies
New York slave revolt (76) Condemned to life under the lash, slaves naturally pined for freedom. The New York slave revolt that erupted in 1712 cost the lives of nine whites and caused the execution of 21 blacks, some of them burned at the stake over a slow fire.
Define Monotheism and Polytheism. Belief in one god, belief in many gods
5 pillars of Islam 5 principals that have to be followed by believers they are confession of faith, prayer, fast during Ramadan, the Zakat, the Hajj
"Divine Right," What was it used to support? The rule of absolute monarchs
King William's War Also known as the War of the league of Augsburg, it lasted from 1689-1697. It was the third time the major European powers crushed the expansionist plans of King Louis XIV of France.
Who led the revolt of enslaved Africans in Saint Dominique An African priest named Boukman called for a revolution. Tousaint L'Ouverture, an ex-slave, wast the leader. He became a skilled general and diplomat even though he wasn't trained.
technologies that helped with global expedition the new deep draft round hulled ship, compass, new map making technologies, new navigational devices, guns
According to Frederick the Great, what should a ruler be? He believed that a ruler should be like a father to his people
What led to the German defeat in the Battle of Stalingrad? Hitler kept his forces in Russia during the winter, and the German's started dying of starvation and cold.
Why was India called the "Jewel in the Crown?" British valued it for its potential as a great supplier of raw materials and a market for the finished products.