| Terms |
Definitions |
|
|
|
|
In ________ type schizophrenia, the patient is free from major positive symptoms but shows minor positive symptoms or negative symptoms such as flat emotion.
|
c. residual
|
|
Karl believes that if it weren’t for illegal immigrants taking work away from American citizens, the American economy would be in much better shape. Ken believes illegal immigrants are part of the
|
d. out-group.
|
|
i) How much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences.
ii) “To what extent are psychological traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to depression attributable to our genes? To our enviro
|
Behavior Genetics
|
|
All of the following are elements of social categorization EXCEPT:
|
a. group think
|
|
In determining how best to promote water conservation, we can assume that students will follow the desired pattern of water use
|
a. when the persuasive statements match the students optimal time of day.
|
|
norm
|
|
|
Electroconvulsive therapy
|
Shock treatment
|
|
Leptokurtic
|
Peaked, taller then normal
|
|
Accomodation
|
modifying existing cognitive structures in response to new information
|
|
K+ and Cl-
|
hyperpolarize neurons (IPSPs)
|
|
Maslow's Hierarchy Meanings
|
Physiological-Food, water, oxygen
Safety-Money, nurturance
Love/Belongingness- acceptance affection
Esteem-Respect
Self Actualization- Maximizing potential
Oversimplified-anorexia defies it
|
|
Psychoanalysis treatment
|
tapping the unconscious, interpretation, and catharsis (emotional release).Interpretation is the longest!
|
|
personalities
|
characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting
|
|
threshold
|
level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
|
|
MRI
|
Uses magnetic fields and radio frequencies which produce vibrations that are picked up by the brain receivers provides a structural view of the brain.
|
|
F Test
|
Anova
a statistical significance test for determining whether two or more means are significantly different.
F is the ratio of systematic variance to error variance.
F=difference between groups
variance within groups
|
|
Which tradition asserted that mental disorders arise from conflicts in the unconscious mind
|
Psychoanalysis
|
|
Anterograde amnesia
|
inability to remember what happens after the inducing event
|
|
equilibration
|
movement back and forth between equilibrium and disequilibrium- piaget believes this is how/why we work
|
|
coping with stress
|
emotion-focused coping: characterized by the conscoius regulation of emotion in which ppl seek to change the way they feel or perceive the problemproblem focused coping : attempts to change the stressful problem or source of the stress
|
|
adaptation
|
inherited characteristic to help with survival
|
|
fluid adulthood
|
ability to process new info
|
|
thalamus
|
interprets sense and sends to cortex
|
|
hypothalamus
|
a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs several maintenance activities, helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward
|
|
dementia is caused by
|
strokes, alcoholism, brain tumors
|
|
Longitudinal Design
|
investigators observe one group of participants over an extended period of time.
|
|
7 major research areas in modern psych
|
Developmental psych
SocialExperimental
Physiological
Cognitive
Personality
Psychometrics
|
|
quickening
|
the first time a pregnant woman experiences movement of the fetus, usually in the 5th month
|
|
ethics
|
Animals: treated in humane way, least amount of suffering
Humans: voluntary, informed consent, debriefing of activities
|
|
Causes of Obesity
|
-a biological abnormality (i.e., a brain lesion)
-genetics
-"thrifty genes" are genes which enable people to effeiciently collect and process food during periods of food abundance (helpful during times of hunter/gatherer, but not in modern society)
Social Influences – we eat more if people
around us eat more
Cultural Influences –different cultures have
different “ideal" standards
|
|
psychology
|
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
|
|
discovered and documented that stress differs from other physical responses in that stress is stressful whether one receives good or bad news, whether the impulse is positive or negative. He called negative stress "distress" and positive stress "eustress"
|
hans seyle
|
|
Gestalt Theory
|
-An approach in psychology which assumes that people’s overall, subjective interpretations of objects are more important than the object’s physical features, and that objects are perceived in their totality, as a unit, rather than in terms of their individual features
|
|
Alzheimer' disease
|
a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and finally, phsycial functioning.
|
|
biological model
|
abnormal behavior is an illness brought about by malfunctioning parts of the organism
|
|
Refractory Period
|
Phase following orgasm, during which further orgasm is considered physiologically impossible for men
|
|
Cell Body/Soma
|
Nourishes neurons, keeps them alive. Determines when to fire
|
|
halo effect
|
a potential inaccuracy in observation due to overgeneralization from a limited amount of evidence or the influence of preconceived beliefs
|
|
set point
|
the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight
|
|
Moral Treatment
|
Approach to mental illness calling for dignity, kindness, and respect for the mentally ill.
|
|
empathy
|
the ability to share the feelings of others and understand their situatations
|
|
Cognitive Economy
|
Properties and facts stored at the highest level.
|
|
self actualization
|
living up the fullest potential of self. top of pyramid.
|
|
Concrete Operations Stage
|
Piaget's third stage of cognitive development, in which adult-like logic appears but is limited to concrete reality
|
|
Descriptive Research- Surveys
|
polling to measure a wide variety
sampling
problems of self-report
cannot explain cause of behaviors
major advantage:predictive value
|
|
Delayed Development
|
-A lag in a child's psychological, cognitive, emotional, and social development, in comparison with norm
|
|
Progressivley exposes people to stimulation of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking
|
virtual reality exposure therapy
|
|
Sperry and Gazzaniga
|
devised situations that could allow visual info to be presented separately to each hemi
|
|
escape-avoidance conditioning
|
rat getting shocked in the box learning to run to the other side
|
|
Cephalocaudal
|
Head to toe; the control of large muscles first
|
|
Comorbidity
|
presence of two or more disorders of any type in one person
|
|
dual personality
|
a disorder in which an individual possesses two dissociated personalities, each of a complexity comparable to that of a normal individual
|
|
Name four behavioral manifestations of cyclothymic disorder.
|
Introverted self-absorption versus uninhibited people seekingTaciturn versus talkativeUnexplained tearfulness versus buoyant jocularityPsychomotor inertia versus restless pursuit of activities
|
|
Openness to Experience
|
1. Interest in culture, art, ect., open-mindness, complex thinking.
2. Higher IQ (but id more than just and IQ)
3. Politically liberal, less prejudice, more tolerance
4. Religious interests in terms of existential meaning
5. More education
6. Creative accomplishments
7. Greater identity development
8. Investigative and artistic occupations
9. The Big 4 and Little 1?
|
|
Dogs can learn to respond to one kind of stimulus and not to another for example to salivate at the sight of a circle but not a square destinguishing between a CS and an irrelevant stimulus is a
|
Discrimination
|
|
exogenous depression
|
result of things going on in your life
|
|
Correlation
|
A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other
|
|
Psychological Realism
|
-The extent to which the study itself makes you psychologically involved in the experiment
|
|
Serial Exhaustive
|
Do not make decision until the very end of the list
|
|
ways to improve memory
|
A. the keyboard techniqueB. encoding specificityC. organization cuesD. effective note takingE. practice and rehearseF. don't believe claims about drugs that improve memory
|
|
simple bar graph
|
way to organize data collected via experiments
|
|
Example and definition of a delayed neuroleptic SE?
|
Tardive dyskinesia- involuntary movements of the tongue, lips, face, trunk and extremities
|
|
Sucking reflex
|
place a finger in mouth and baby will suck; permits feeding
|
|
Social Exchange Theory
|
The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.
|
|
How does Skinner's operant conditioning principles relate to personality?
|
-people show some consistant patterns of behavior because they have some stable response tendancies that they have acquired through experience. -skinner viewed an individual's personality as a collection of response tendancies that are tied to various stimulus situatios-he maintained that environmental consequences--reinforcement, punishment, and extinction--determine people's patters of responding.
|
|
essential trait approach
|
identify the few traits, out of all the 1000s of possibilities that are truly central to understanding all of the others
Big Five: extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and opennness
|
|
subjective stimulus value
|
how much an outcome is valued by an individual
|
|
what are Carol Gilligans morality development steps?
|
Was tested mainly on females1. Morality as ind. survival-aviod punishment & get rewards2. Morality as self-sacrifice-become aware of other peoples needs to be approved we must sacrifice own needs so others can be met3. Morality as equality-needs of self & others are equal; when possible everyone's needs should be met.*nonviolence & advocacy-no one including self should be intentional hurt.
|
|
severe retardation and profound retardation
|
Severe[IQ's 25 to 39] and Profound [IQ's below 25]. They are generally unable to function independently and require care for their entire lives
|
|
Can you define structuralism? Who developed it and when?
|
Structuralism is the analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind. Wundt developed it between 1860-1870 while teaching at Univ. of Heidelberg
|
|
ego differentiation vs. work role preoccupation
|
redefining one's worth in terms of something other than work roles
|
|
You are looking at a friend’s notes from a lecture on the scientific method. You discover that the only statement he got down correctly is that
|
a. independent variables must be operationalized.
|
|
After hearing the bell may times just before being fed, what did Pavlov's dogs begin to do?
|
Salivate as soon as the bell rang
|
|
what is the likely outcome of an approach/avoidance competition
|
people will take more risks to avoid a loss than achieve a gain
|
|
A) repression.B) priming.C) retroactive interference.D) proactive interference.E) the spacing effect.
|
priming
|
|
Vygotsky
|
Social relations are central
children watch others count, manipulate objects
highlights role of language
guides thought and is necessary for communication
Zone of proximal development
difference between child's activities on his/her own and what can be facilitated with a teacher
older kids/teachers help shape thinking of young learners
child as an "apprentice," rather than isolated mini-scientist
|
|
BULIMIA AGE OF ONSET
|
20-24
|
|
Projection
|
attributing our undesirable feelings/motives/wants to others
|
|
Reversible substance-specific syndrome d/t the recent ingestion or exposure of a substance.
|
Substance Intoxication
|
|
exercise
|
stress management, reduces depression by increasing neurotransmitters, enhances cognitive abilities, increases arousal. may reduce heart attack and add years to life.
|
|
treatment of MR
|
-behavioral techniques:language skills, adaptive skills, social skills training-cognitive-behavioral techniques:self-regulation training, metacognition (memory) training-early intervention enhances intellectual and social skills-family-oriented techniques:coping-drug treatment
|
|
Hallucinogens: LSD
|
Psychological effects: Distorts perceptions, thoughts, consciousness. (Similar to dreaming)Physiological effects: Pupil dilation, awakeScary thing: The effects are unknown how they are produced
|
|
Glutamate
|
a major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory--to much can cause seuzures and migraines aka overstimulation (cognitive state)
|
|
touch sensations
|
pain, pressure, warm, cold (temp)
|
|
Second messengers
|
Intracellular molecules whose levels are increased by sustained activity of neurotransmitter, for example, receptors, and which affect the resting states of ion channels or regulate gene expression of receptor molecules, thus modulating the cell's sensitivity to neurotransmitter.
|
|
DID/(MPD)
|
two or more distinct personality states in an individual that take control over behavior with some memory loss occuring between personalities.
|
|
Which are more effective, reinforcers or punishers?
|
reinforcers
|
|
Psychotherapy
|
Therapy that deals with mental emotional and behavioral problems
|
|
Behavioral genetics
|
an interdisciplinary field that studies the influence of genetic factors on behavioral traits.
|
|
Specialized cells in the nervous system that send and receive information
|
neurons
|
|
Alcohol
|
Depressant: Acts on GABA receptorsCan lead to Korsakoff's syndrome
|
|
stimulants
|
speed things up, activate the sympathetic nervous systemcaffeine-most widely used and socially acceptednicotine-in tobacco
|
|
The place theory provides elxplanation for hear what pitches.
|
High
|
|
farsightedness
|
light rays from nearby objects reach retina before they have produced a focus image
|
|
phobias
|
-focused anxiety on a specific object, activity or situation
-disrupts behaviors
-social phobia: intense fear of being judged by others
(extreme shyness)
-agorphobia: fear or avoidance of situations in which escape is difficult
|
|
Evolutionary Perspective
|
Adaptive behavioral traits selected to ensure our survival
|
|
Friedrich Nietzsche
|
Dionysian(dark,lose sense of self, no boundaries) and Apollonian(light, categories, and structure) self. Favors Dionysian forces because these are acting for oneself and not for society's pressures
|
|
Selective Attention
|
-improves perception of stimuli that are its focus-it interferes with the perception of stimuli not in focus
|
|
Identity foreclosure
|
commitment to visions and values;not being open to new experiences
|
|
correlational research
|
determine the degree of relationship or correlation between two varibles,statistics, ,predictive goal of pschyeadvantages-helps clarify relationships between variables disadvantages-cant identify cause and effect
|
|
chronic stressors
|
threatening event that have a relatively long duration and no readily apparent time limit.
|
|
CULTURE
|
the patterns of behavior, beliefs, and values that are shared by a group of people. For example, language, superstitions, moral beliefs, and food preferences.
|
|
menages
|
three layers of protective tissue, the dura matter, arachnoid, and pia matter encase the brain and spinal cord.
|
|
the second memory process, in which information is entered and maintained in memory for a period of time
|
storage
|
|
consistency
|
refers to the behaior between the actor and one stimulus and how similar it is across time and circumstances
|
|
Zimbardo
|
Stanford University study on power of the situation
|
|
What medication has the FDA approved for long term smoking cessation maintenance?
|
bupropion
|
|
zoophilia
|
an abnormal fondness or preference for animals
|
|
synapse
|
the junction between the axon tip of each of the sending neuron and the dendrite or celll body of the receiving neuron.
|
|
Rorschach Inkblot Technique
|
A projective test requiring subjects to describe what they see in a series of ten inkblots
|
|
Speech Errors - Underextension
|
One word for specific thing
|
|
existential approach
|
a school of thought that regards personality as governed by an individual's ongoing choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life and death
|
|
Incentive
|
an object or event that incourages or discourages behavior
|
|
John Piaget's Stage Theory
|
Children as Active Learners
• “Little scientists”
– generate hypotheses, conduct experiments, and draw conclusions
• Learn lessons on their own
– Instruction not necessary
• Intrinsically motivated to learn
– Rewards not necessary
• Schemas continually shaped by:
– Assimilation
• Existing mental schemas used to interpret and act on the
environment
– Accommodation
• They accommodate new information in
existing schemas
• Children's schemas change and broaden
as a result of interactions with the environment.
|
|
what's hue?
|
the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light, what we know as the color names blue, green, & so forth
|
|
Due to our circadian rhythms, our 24-25 hour biological clock, it is much easier to fly on a _________ flight because we can expect to experience less jet lag.
|
b. westbound
|
|
the Freud's theory, the second stage of psychosexual development during which the child derives pleasure from defecation
|
anal stage
|
|
Cognitive
|
Turing: We are a product of hardware (parents) and software(our experiences). Everything we do is determined by those. Emotion is problematic because everything is rational. Nothing you say is meaningful. Computer saying I Love You
|
|
Correlation methods
|
involves measuring the strength of an association between two or more events
|
|
exceptions to unattended
|
1. your name (cocktail party effect)
2. familiar words (stroop effect)
|
|
social sychologists
|
start with the assumption that a person's personality characteristics are insufficient to predict that person's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
|
|
mental heath workers view psychological disorders as..
|
-ongoing patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions that are
-deviant
-distressful
-dysfunctional
-more to a disorder than being deviant, must cause person distress.
-dysfunctional is key.
|
|
General causes of aggression (3)
|
1) biology2) basic learning processes3) frustration
|
|
What is synesthesia?
|
phenomenon in which stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to automatic involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway. (think metaphor) LOUD SHIRT
|
|
id
|
in Freud's theory, a term for the most primitive reactions of human personality, consisting of blind strivings for immediate biological satisfaction regardless of the cost; runs on the pleasure principle; urges for life instincts (eating, drinking, sex) and death instincts (explains aggression, war, and suicide)
|
|
Prelingusitic Stage
|
only way to communication is to cry when you are a baby 3 basic cries: hunger, anger, pain
|
|
Selective Perception
|
-We pay attention to and remeber the things that are consistent with our attitudes
|
|
discrimination (operant)
|
organism responds to a trained (or any stimulus) but not to another one
|
|
anxious-ambivalent attachment
|
infant is anxious when mother is near, and protest when she leaves
|
|
spontaneous recovery
|
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
|
|
Does Within ANOVA increase power?
|
Yes, because it reduces intrinsic variablity
|
|
Although Piaget's theory has been proven to be a useful one, it has been criticized on the grounds that...
|
it underestimates the intellectual sophistication of children and adolescents.
|
|
Autonomic Nervous System
|
The system of nerves carrying info to and from the internal organs and glands.
|
|
What are the three main types of psychoactive drugs?
|
depressants,stimulants, and hallucinogens
|
|
evidence for worfian hypothesis
|
1. eskimo word for snow
2. color perception
3. euphemisms today- terms change to lable people to change opinion towards them
|
|
How is the Scientific Method Circular?
|
Research is a never ending process.
Once you refine your hypothesis you start the process all over again.
|
|
personality tests must be (2 things)
|
reliable (similar results every time) and valid (measures the correct thing)
|
|
stress and aids
|
stress does not cause aids. but in hiv positive people, stress may cause hiv to progress into aids faster.
|
|
What are the characteristics of the left hemisphere?
|
usually better at tasks involving verbal processing, such as language, speech, reading, and writing.
|
|
The way you express your sexuality goes along with what?
|
History of love, relationships and intimacy
|
|
To establish norms the test is given to a ________________ =
|
representative sample a large sample of people who are like the target group the test is intended for
|
|
can you compare sensory experience and actual subjects?
|
no, like apples and oranges, but can compare within each group: difference threshold, just-noticeable difference, weber's law, fechner's law, etc.
|
|
Most of the time we put bodily needs before our safety needs, but it some situations it is opposite. Give an example of this
|
War in Bosnia Two groups are trying to wipe each other out, war took place in cities, people chose to live in suburban areas to be safe, but now they don't live by food, which is a boidly need
|
|
Amplitude
|
brightness
|
|
Operant Conditioning/Instrumental Learning
Thorndike
|
Studied cats
|
|
Different forms of language
|
|
|
what is population, EX?
|
(blank)
|
|
James
|
Functionalism mind helps humans adapt
|
|
What family does prozac/fluoxetine pertain to?
|
Antidepressant
|
|
physical environment influences
|
affects brain development
|
|
public compliance
|
conformin without actually believeing
|
|
imagery
|
mental images collectively, especially those produced by the imagination
|
|
Aggression
|
Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.
|
|
positive psychology
|
well-being therapy and positive psychotherapy
|
|
Zygote
|
the one-celled organism created from the fusion of a sperm and egg
|
|
The most frequently used psychoactive drug in Western socieites is ____
|
alcohol
|
|
hallucinogens
|
drugs that alter sensation and perception and often cause visual and auditory hallucinations
|
|
Case Study
|
•In-depth observation of one individual•Rich detail•Less expensive?•Long-term observation•But cannot infer causal association among variables of interest•Also, may not be representative of entire population
|
|
Autonoetic
|
Know what happened to me (autobiographical)
|
|
Power Assertion
|
parent uses punishment/authority to correct misbehavior
|
|
Tend to be more sexually experience
|
Bulimic
|
|
schizophrenia
|
a severe mental disorder characterized by some, but not necessarily all, of the following features: emotional blunting, intellectual deterioration, social isolation, disorganized speech and behavior, delusions, and hallucinations.
|
|
Estrogen
|
a sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males, in non human females mammals estrogen levels peak during ovulation promoting sexual receptivity
|
|
Which cluster consists of anxiety disorders?
|
Cluster C
|
|
Extraneous Variable
|
Variable other than the independent which can impact the resultsEx-time of day, lighting
|
|
self-regulation and educational outcomes
|
-high self-efficacy-setting higher achievement goals-more focus and enjoyment for learning activities-attributing academic success to one's own learning strategies
|
|
bonding
|
the emotional tie from parent to infant
|
|
activation-information-mode model (AIM)
|
revised version of the activation-synthesis explanation of dreams in which information that is accessed during waking hours can have an influence on the synthesis of dreams
|
|
how to change attitudes?
|
dissonance techniques
change attitude by changin behavior
counter-attitudinal advocacy: when minimal external justification for it --> change in private attitude in direction of the public statement (behavior)
doesn't work on a massive scale
|
|
correlation
|
exists when two variables are related to each other
|
|
Institutional Review board
|
a committee that has been formally designated to approve, monitor, and review biomedical and behavioral research involving humans with the aim to protect the rights and welfare of the research subjects.
|
|
cell membrane
|
a semi permiable membrane that encloses the neuron comprised of two fatty layers through which some substances actively pass an dsome have to be actively transported.
|
|
the proposition that people are attracted to others who are similar to them in certain characteristics, such as attitudes and physical attractiveness
|
MATCHING HYPOTHESIS
|
|
reciprocal liking experiment
|
iv--false feedback(your partner liked you or didnt) dv--reaction, self-fufilling prophecy
|
|
quasi-experiment
|
the IV is pre-existing and therefore not randomly assigned
|
|
neuron
|
nerve cell; basic block of nervous system
|
|
behaviorism
|
the theory that human psychology can only be accurately studied through the analysis of objectively observable and quantifiable behavioral events
|
|
delta waves
|
the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep
|
|
social influence: conformity
|
adjusting one's thinking or behavior to coincide with a group standard
|
|
syntax
|
a system of rules that specify how words can be arranged into sentences.
|
|
mindfulness meditation
|
a form of cognitive terapy that teaches an individual to be fuly present in each moment: to be aware of his or her thoughts, feelings, and sensations;and to detect symptos before the become a problem
|
|
Cognitive Perspective
|
Explains behavior in terms of how people process, store, and retrieve information they gather from the world around them.
|
|
repression
|
a defense mechanism by means of which thoughts, impulses, or memories that five rise to anxiety are pushed out of consciousness
|
|
The Modification of Behavior by Experience
|
Respond- Basic hardware
Predict- Pavilion Software
Operate- take action, Skinnerian Software
|
|
Applications of skinner's approach
|
o School- Reinforcement. Children when learning to read get stickers for finishing books. Grades. o Work- Raises or promotions or bonuses. Your bonus is based on how many hours you work during the year. o Home- parents often try to use reinforcement to shape children’s behavior. Rewarding doing chores, potty training, etc. In some cases, parents reinforce the wrong thingso *careful not to over justify or reinforce the wrong things!! (kid has temper tantrum because he wants candy, so parent buys him candy…)
|
|
Entitativity
|
The extent to which a group is perceived as being a coherent entity.
|
|
self-esteem
|
one\'s evaluation of one\'s worth as a person based on assessment of the qualities that make up the self-concept
|
|
Controversies of Intelligence
|
1) Is intelligence a single ability? 2) Is intelligence heritable? 3) Does intelligence matter?
|
|
puberty
|
the period at which maturation of the sexual organs occurs beginning at about 11 or 12 for girls and 13 or 14 for boys. It is a biological change. Know about stages of puberty maturation
|
|
Action Potential
|
When a nerve is stimulated and electrical impuse occurs and moves down the axon to the end of the terminal tip
|
|
galactorrhea
|
an abnormally abundant flow of milk in a lactating woman.
|
|
-Prodromal phase, precedes the 1st psychotic break, manifested by functional decline, social withdrawal, and irritability.-->1st phase– stay in their room, won’t go out, cranky-Psychotic phase delusions, disorganized thought process & content & per
|
3 phases of schizophrenia
|
|
Behavioral/Performance Measures
|
often collected through the use of a computer to collect response time, and accuracy measures
|
|
Steps of 5-HT synthesis
|
Tryptophan -> 5-HTP (by tryptophan hydroxylase - the rate limiting step). Then 5-HTP -> 5-HT (by aromatic amino acid decarboxylase AADC)
|
|
Signal detection theory
|
Theory that is concerned with the factors that influence sensory jugments
|
|
Who is Martin Seligman and what did he discover from his work with dogs?
|
|
|
Describe an authoritarian parenting style.
|
strong, controlling parents, demand obedience, punitive and forceful, children often do poorly socially and academically, lower self-esteem (do it because I say so)
|
|
corpus callosum
|
band of fibers that connects the right side to the left side of the brain.
|
|
critical value
|
the value at which the "a" cut-off occurs
|
|
Allergic reactions and arthritis are caused from...
|
an overreactive immune system
|
|
motion parallax
|
a depth cue based on the movement of the head over time
|
|
2 things help explain why we experience emotions differently
|
physiological and brain differences
|
|
Validity of test
|
your test needs to measure what is claims to measuretest what it claims to test
|
|
3 Components to the PNS
|
1. Cranial Nerves
2. Spinal Nerves
3. Autonomic Nervous system
|
|
Female sexual arousal disorder
|
- persistent or recurrent inability to attain or maintain adequate lubrication or swelling during sexual excitement until completion of the sexual activity.
|
|
RISK FACTORS FOR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
|
AGE (DOUBLES EVERY 5 YEARS AFTER 40)
GENDER (WOMEN ARE MORE LIKELY)
GENETIC MUTATION S SPECIFIC GENES
CELL LOSS (PLAQUES AND NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES)
|
|
All of the following are stages of the general adaptation syndrome EXCEPT:
|
a. arousal stage
|
|
*When we retrieve a memory, we RECONSTRUCT an account based partly on surviving memories and partly on expectation of what must have happened.
|
*This reconstruction process can result in HINDSIGHT BIAS.
|
|
In general, why do people take depressants?
|
to reduce tensionto forget their troubles to relieve feelings of inadequacy, lonliness, or boredom
|
|
Social Learning Theory of Aggression
|
Treats aggression as a class of social behaviors that are acquired through the same processes asany other type of social behavior.
|
|
Study of different cultures and Sexuality
|
Social and cultural factors are a huge influence.. large variety
Inis beag-sex is negative, clothes on, hate nudity, dont care about female orgasm
Mangaia-kids encouraged to masturbate, instruction for sex, train teens in sex, focus on female orgasm
Sources of arousal- East Eu. armpits are sexy breasts not in every culture etc
|
|
For the most part does the availability heuristic produce correct answers?
|
yes you can think of more instances because there are more to think of
|
|
emotional focused coping
|
attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reactions
|
|
Agnosia
|
can'trecognize objects
|
|
norepinephrine
|
neurotransmitter controls alertness and arousal; lack can cause depressed mood
|
|
fixed ratio
|
ratio of responses:reinforcement
|
|
empiricism
|
knowledge originates in experience; science should rely on observation and experimentation
|
|
Personality
|
Individuals consistency of behavior-represents their personality and factors that shape personality
|
|
ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
|
"satiety" center
stimulus-->stop eating
ablate-->overeating (obesity)
|
|
alcohols effects on immune system
|
suppresses
|
|
the preoperational child's inability to take another's point of view
|
egocentrism
|
|
bar graph tricks
|
tricky scale or range
|
|
efferent nerves
|
travel from CNS to body
|
|
Psych
|
science that studies behavior and physiological and cognitive process that underlie behavior, and is profession that applies accumulated knowledge of this science to practical probs.
|
|
withdraw
|
stress response, pull back, conserve energy
|
|
Sherif (1936)
|
conformity study
light on wall moves, you must estimate how far it moves.
VERY AMBIGUOUS STUDY
days later you come back, and there are 3 of you, with same task- but outloud
eventually they come to a consensus of how far it moves
|
|
Prosocial Behavior
|
socially desirable behavior that benefits others
|
|
blended learning
|
classroom lectures combined with e-learning exercises
|
|
Shaping
|
A procedure in which reinforcements are used to gradually guide an animal or person toward a specific behavior
|
|
Stereotype Threat
|
Negative stereotypes about minority groups cause some members to doubt their abilities
|
|
Authors note
|
"Authors note" centered, Purpose (acknowledging basis of study/ grant, dissertation), institution of main author & address
|
|
modeling
|
The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
|
|
Therapeutic Alliance
|
The relationship between the therapist and the client, with both parties working together to help the client deal with psychological or behavioral issues
|
|
time-of-measurement effects
|
A possible confound in longitudinal studies whereby conditions at a particular point in time can have a specific effect on a variable that is being studied over time.
|
|
ADHD VIDEO
|
MUST BE DIAGNOSED BEFORE 7
BEHAVIORAL DISORDER
FIRST IDETIFIED IN 1902
SIZE AND DENSITY OF BRAIN
-SMALLER CORTEX
FRONTAL LOBE-SMALLER NERVE TISSUE
CHEMICAL DIFFERENCE
-LOWER DOPAMINE
PSYCHOSTIMULANTS
SNRIS
|
|
Reinforcer
|
Consequence of a response that leads to increased frequency of the response
|
|
theories of personality-behaviorist
|
interaction with environment, response driven
|
|
Tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of one's beleif's and judgements
|
overconfidence
|
|
Mental Stimulation
|
Mental rehearsal of the steps needed to solve a problem (figure out the steps o what you need to do, takes 10 minutes to get to class, 10 on the bus...)
|
|
AIDS
|
- estimated 2,900,000 people have died worldwide-The SECOND leading cause of death in adolescents and young adults.
|
|
Parkinson's disease
|
A disease characterized by hand tremors, stooped posture, slowness, and a loss of control over one's voluntary movements, caused by death of neurons that produce dopamine.
|
|
Depression with fatigue and ADHD is treated with ______________.
|
Bupropion
|
|
DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULI
|
cues that influence operant behavior by indicating that probable consequences of a response.
|
|
frustration-aggression principle
|
the principle that frustration - the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal - creates anger, which can generate aggression
|
|
psychophysics
|
methods that measure the strength of a stimulus and the observer's sensitivity to that stimulus
|
|
Initiation Rates
|
Study shows that people rationalize a hard initiation to a group by saying that they enjoy the group more. By making group appear great, their actions have been validated in their minds
|
|
menarche
|
the term for a girl's first menstrual period
|
|
if you recieve reinforcment based on the number of responses you make, but the number of required responses changes each time, your behavior is reinforced on a ____ schedule
|
variable ratio
|
|
Divided Attention
|
Focusing on 2+ things is difficult because our is limited
|
|
"a priori" Kant
|
innate knowledge, based on reason alone
|
|
theta waves
|
the pattern of brain activity observed in stage 1 sleep
|
|
Social
|
Would be interested in topics such as interpersonal attraction, conformity, and group processes
|
|
somatic nervous system
|
the division of the peripheral nervous system that contrls the body's skeletal muscles. AKA skeletal nervous system
|
|
William James was a founder of which of the following schools of thought in psychology?
|
Functionalism
|
|
Odd or Ecentric Disorders
|
Schizoid(can't form relationships) Schizotypical (odd thinking) Paranoid (suspiciousness & jealousy)
|
|
Reduce all types of sensation or block consciousness completely
|
Anesthetics
|
|
relative deprivation
|
the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself
|
|
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
|
A basic form of learning, sometimes referred to as Pavlovian conditioning, in which a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with another stimulus (called the unconditioned stimulus, UCS) that naturally elicits a certain desired response (called the unconditioned response, UCR). After repeated trials the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) and evokes the same or a similar response, now called the conditioned response (CR).
|
|
Outgroup homogeneity effect
|
Perception of outgroup members as more similar to one another than are ingroup members. Thus " they are alike; we are diverse."
|
|
Identity achievement
|
arriving at a sense of self direction after some consideration of alternative possibilities
|
|
Explicit Memory
|
Recall which your regard as a product of your memory
|
|
Fetal alcohol syndrome
|
Alcohol that damages the fetus during developmental stage pg 125
|
|
...offer a wide variety of views on the social roles of women and men, the problems and rewards of those roles, and perceptions for changing those roles
|
feminist theory
|
|
Who invented the technique known as \"hypnotism\"?
|
Franz Anton Mesmer
|
|
preconcious process
|
can become concious at water line of iceburg
|
|
attribution theory
|
The theory that we tend to give a causal explanation for someone's behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition
|
|
CLUSTER A SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY DISORDER 3%
|
PECULIAR THOUGHT PATTERNS, ODDITIES OF PERCEPTION AND SPEECH THAT INTERFERE WITH COMMUNICATION AND SOCIAL INTERACTION
|
|
Does arousal motivate dissonance reduction?
|
discrepant attitiude essay writer who could attribute their arousal to external causes (placebo pill) showed no attitude change.
(Zanna and Cooper 1974)
|
|
Which of the following is NOT a function of consciousness? .
|
d. categorizing stimuli
|
|
What are some of the difficulties of using surveys in cross-cultural studies?
|
Translation
Moderacy bias
Extremity bias
Acquiescence bias
Standardizing data modifies the data set
Reference group effects
|
|
1. Animal fear of animals or insects; onset in childhood2. Natural environment fear of natural phenomena (storms, heights, water, lightning) 3. Blood-injection injury fear of invasive procedures is paramount, the phobic trigger is possibility of
|
5 types of specific phobias
|
|
What are the non-Opioid dependence conditions that Buprenorphine is used to treat? Common SEs?
|
Analgesic uses: Surgical pain, Labor pain, Back pain, Phantom pain, Post-herpetic neuralgia and Cancer pain.SEs = nausea, vomiting and dizziness are common.
|
|
What is the super ego?
|
the moral part of your personality, commonly called the conscious
|
|
How Do We Perceive Depth?
|
in real, 3D, world we typically use the binocular cue of retinal disparity
when we focus on an object, our 2 retinas take in slightly different views of the obj.
when object is far away, these differences are smaller than when the object is nearer
|
|
Knowing that illusions exist, you can accurately conclude that
|
a. perceptual systems are sometimes imperfect in recovering the distal stimulus from the proximal stimulus.
|
|
High Self Esteem vs. Low Self Esteem
|
High self esteem makes strengths more accessible and weaknesses less accessible after failure. Low self esteem does the opposite, thus perpetuating the low self esteem and bad feelings, and they like to stew in their failures
|
|
What is the clinical presentation of intermittent explosive disorder?
|
- rage is the primary concern
- destruction can be extreme
- absence of generalized impulsivity
|
|
If Pavlov had stopped giving the dogs food after ringing the bell, eventually what would have happened?What is this known as?
|
They would stop drooling at the sound of the bell Extinction
|
