| Terms |
Definitions |
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neo-
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new
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pod/o
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foot
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AP
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anteroposterior
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medi/o
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middle
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sudor/o
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sweat
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-orexia
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appetite
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append/o
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appendix
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pector/o
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chest
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HTN
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Hypertension
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-rrhexis
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rupture
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kary/o
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nucleus
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cholangi/o
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bile vessel
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-ical
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pertaining to
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endo-
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in, within
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-ice
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noun ending
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-logy
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study of
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sigmoid/o
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sigmoid colon
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-emia
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blood condition
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RV
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Right Ventrical
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AS
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Aortic Stenosis
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-blast
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embryonic cell
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Nasolabial fold
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-metry
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act of measuring
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lumb/o
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loins (lower Back)
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dors/o
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back (of body)
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LFT's
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Liver Functional Test
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PND
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Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea
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PVC
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Premature Ventrical Contraction
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RBC
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Red Blood Cell
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Dental Follicle Sac
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OsteomalaciaRadiology
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Osteopenia (less dense)Coarsened trabeculation (thicker)Looser zones (pseudofractures)Basilar invaginationAcetabular protrusion.
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PE
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Physical Examination, Pulmonary Embolism, Pressure Equalizing (tube)
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Median Palatal Suture/Intermaxillary Suture
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The olecranon is the...
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elbow
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HemophiliaImaging
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Intra-articular soft tissue swelling, radiodense effusion, osteopenia, square femoral condyles, degeneration, epiphyseal overgrowth, erosions, wide intercondylar nitch, irregular articular surfaces
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poster/o
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back (of body), behind, posterior
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angi/o
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vessel (usually blood or lymph)
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white
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- high # assigned =
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CathodeAnode
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Electron Source (Cathode) -Suitable Target to stop electrons (Anode) +
both are tungsten
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Dose Equivalent
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SI: Sievert
Tradional: Rem
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Osteochondrosis dessicansClinical
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Children and adolecentsMales more prevelentUnually in the kneeassymptomaticclicking, locking, limitation of motionswelling, pain aggravated by movementPredisposes to DJD
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OsteopetrosisImaging
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Bone within bone "endobone, sandwich vertebra"Erlenmeyer flask deformity
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True or false. Increasing patient thickness decreases multiple scatter.
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False
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target
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thermionic emission occurs at the _______ of the xray tube
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Speed of Light
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Velocity of EM radiation
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Traumatic Bone Cyst
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Benign Non- Odontogenic Cyst
∗ radiolucent lesion∗ moderately to well-defined borders∗ may create scalloping between roots of involved teeth∗ does not resorb or displace tooth roots
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What is BIPS?
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Barium Impregnated Polyethylene Spheres
For: GI, obsruction
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T-Score
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Predicts fracture risk.For every -1 SD the risk doubles0=normal risk for 40 year old-1 for about every -10% of bone loss
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Growth plates inhibit:
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Hematogenous spread.Blood vessels do not penetrate physis in children, preventing epiphysis and joint infection. Adults and infants are succeptable.
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Extending anteriorly and medially from body of each pubis is a ________
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Superior ramus
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MCH
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Mean Cell Hemaglobin (avg. amount of hemoglobin per red blood cell)
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Root canals
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- extensions of pulp into roots
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What is the most commonly injured intra-abdominal organ?
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spleen
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characteristic radiation
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- characteristic of element since binding energies differ in different elements
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kVp
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as ___ increases, number of photons and average energy level of photons increases. this results in darker image.
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antiseptic
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a substance that inhibits grown of pathogens
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Stochastic effects
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NOT DOSE DEPENDENT- ALL OR NOTHING
DENTAL RADIOGRAPHY FALLS INTO THIS CATEGORY
Effects where the risk is proportional to the dose Implies that there is no threshold e.g. cancer, mutations (genetic effects) Severity of the effect is independent of the dose
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Define homogenous
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unifororm number of echoes through target
liver
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Milliampere-Seconds (mAs):
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• Product of milliamperes and exposure time is mAs
• (mA)(exposure time {sec})= mAs
• If milliamperage is increased the exposure time must be decreased and vice versa if the density is to remain the same
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AVN-MRI
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MRI scans demonstrate a loss of marrow signal, particularly on T1 weighted scanOften bilateralDemonstrate joint efusion
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The hip joint is classified as _____ truly characterized by a large fibrous capsule containing synovial fluid.
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Synovial
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What is noise?
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Grainy appearance due to insufficient number of x-rays of primary beam
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lateral fossa
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- depression over buccal aspect of lateral incisor root- appears as diffuse faintly radiolucent image overlying lateral root
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Dentsply rinn stabe
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- Styrofoam biteblock - disposable- easy to use/modify- more likely to lead to errors
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What is the most common abnormality found in hosptialized patients who die and are autopsied?
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pulmonary embolism
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analog-digital converter
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- samples voltages in small discrete groups- assigns number to each voltage
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radiographic contrast
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- difference in density btwn different parts of image
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36
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An exposure time of 0.8 second is equal to how many impulses?- 0.01- 0.6- 6- 3.6- 36
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What are the 2 film types?
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Screen filmNon-screen film
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Screen films are most sensitive to...
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light not xrays
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What is atomic number?
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Number of PROTONS in nucleus
(characteristic of an element: H is 1, 1p in nucleus)
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Parallel
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Moving or lying in the same plane, always separated by the same distance and not intersecting
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Below ASIS is less prominent projection known as ______. Inferior to PSIS is ______.
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Anterior inferior iliac spine
Posterior inferior iliac spine
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Caldwell View of Skull
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PA view
Best for frontal sinuses, orbital rim, medial orbit wall, mandible
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Define air-gap
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IR is positioned 10-15 cm from patient in order to reduce scatter radiation
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mandibular/inferior alveolar canal
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- channel for manddibular branch of trigeminal nerve and vessels- runs through ramus and body of mandible from molar to incisor area
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Name 4 uses for MRI.
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1. Intracranial and intraspinal pathology2. abnormalities of musculoskeletal system3. vascular abnormalities4. abdominal viscera
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single energy level
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Which of the following is true regarding characteristic radiation?- makes up 85-90% of x-rays produced in x-ray tube- consists of x-rays with a single energy level- consists of x-rays with multiple energy levels
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Paralleling vs Bisecting Angle Technique
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Paralleling technique produces less distortionBisecting angle method is inferior
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To change contrast without affecting density you need to...
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apply the density rule
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What is Direct Current?
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chemical energy is converted to electrical energy
(one way- battery)
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What are Iodine compounds used for?
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Blood Vessels (Angiography)
Kidney (Nephrogram/Pyleogram)
Bladder (Cystogram)
Perforation in GI tract (Gastrogram)
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Film Holders:
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• Define: instrument that is used to position the film in the mouth
• Sample of these types:
○ Rinn XCP instruments
○ Precision film holders
○ Stabe bite-block
○ EEZEE-Grip film holder "snap-a-ray"
○ Hemostat with bite block
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Radiation Biology-
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the study of the effects of ionizing radiation on living tissue to understand the harmful effects of radiation
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How are knees positioned for a bilateral frog-leg AP pelvis?
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flexed about 90 degrees
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What is the principal function of a grid?
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Improve image contrast
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thick, posterior mandible
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Where cortical plates are ____ not as many trabeculae are needed for strength.
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What is angiography?
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an x-ray of the blood vessels using iodinated contrast agents
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full-wave rectification
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- use both halves of voltage cycle by adding rectifiers to circuit
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are x-rays safe?
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No amount of radiation is safe. The benefit must outweigh the risk. In the case of dental x-rays, the risk of developing cancer from a dental x-ray is 3 in 1 million, where as the risk of spontaneously developing cancer is 3,300 in 1 million.
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What is film density?
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The amount of blackness in the radiographic image.
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What are most xrays/energy made of?
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high frequency, short wavelength radiation (~ 1%)
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What happens when you increase OID?
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magnification of object
loss of detail
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Modification in Technique:
• Shallow palate
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○ Very difficult to establish parallelism when a patient has a shallow palate
§ Tilting of the bite block occurs
§ Less than 20 degrees usually acceptable
§ Greater than 20 degrees need to modify
□ Place two cotton rolls
Increase vertical angulation 5-15 degrees
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Two superior rami of pubis meet inmidline to form a slightly movable joint known as ____ or _____
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symphysis pubis ; pubic symphysis
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What are the two names for the x-rays that transverse patients?
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remnant or exit
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Canine and Incisor PA
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- size 1 sensor- "a" at apical aspect
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Discuss the importance of normal anatomy in film mounting.
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Knowledge of normal anatomy is necessary to mount films properly. Identification of landmarks aids in distinguishing maxillary periapical films from mandibular periapical films, as well as distinguishing a molar view from a pre-molar view.
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How is ionization related to charge?
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Ionization is directly proportional to charge
Ionization is directly proportional to particulate energyGreater cell killing potential
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What is the latent image?
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The image on the film before processing.
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Which part of the xray tube is most vulnerable to heat? What happens
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target
pitted= erratic xrays
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What is the importance of dental radiographs?
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Detect pathology: lesions, diseases, and conditions of the teeth that you cannot see clinically
Confirm and classify disease
Localized foreign objects
Provide necessary information for treatment
Evaluate growth and development
Evaluate changes in disease states
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What happens to the number of photoelectric interactions and what does this mean? (As energy of x-ray increased)
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Decreases, increased kVp passes right on through and x-rays aren't absorbed by anatomic part
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What other materials have been used and how effective are they?
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Tungsten, platinum, gold, uranium, not effective
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What are some indications for CT scan?
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clarification of abnormal findings on CXRstaging of lung and esophageal cancerdetecting of metastatic diseaseevaluation of solitary nodulesuspected mediastinal or hilar masssuspected pleural tumorsuspected pulmonary embolismdetecting source of hemoptysisCT guided needle aspiration and/or drainage
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exposure time double = number of x-rays double
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linear relationship of exposure time and number of x-rays
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What is the grid cut-off?
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It refers to the absorption of part of the primary beam due to improper use of the grid and is cause by 4 factors.
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Films are left in the fixer for...
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Twice the clearing time
or
Twice the developing time
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Where is CR located on axiolateral inferosuperior hip?
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CR perp to femoral neck and IR
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What will happen if the grids are installed incorrectly?
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Grid lines will appear on radiograph
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What are the advantages of CT scan?
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non invasicescan entire heart in less than 15 secno hospital stay cost effectivebetter depiction of abnormalitiesprovides clear demo of calcium deposits and plaquedelineates stenosis of coronary arteriesanalyze coronary arteries, heart valves, heart muscle, ventricles, plaque and lung parenchyma all at once
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when opening an exposed film packet what precautions should you use?
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wear gloves to protect yourself, but do not touch film as packet is opened; dropped film into clean container.
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Where do we measure for a pelvis xray?
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across the wings of the illium
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In radiography, oblique refers to any view other than:
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a straight on 90 degree angle view.
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What is the part position for post. oblique of pelvis?
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patient in 45 degree post. oblique, both pelvis and thorax at 45 degree from tabletop
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PID length too short, exposure time too long, mA setting too high, and kVp setting too high
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what causes the radiograph to come out of the processor looking too dark
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List and describe 2 methods of film mounting and identify which one is preferred.
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1. Labial Mounting
2. Lingual Mounting Labial mounting is the preferred method in most dental offices.
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What 3 things must we have to produce xrays?
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1.Source of e- (filament)
2.A target for e- to interact with (Tungsten Target)
3.A Potential Difference to accelerate the e- (High voltage circuit)
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Where is CR for AP axial SI?
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CR 30 to 35 degrees cephalad, CR to midline point about 2 inches below ASIS
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Describe how the identification dot is used to determine film orientation.
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The film is positioned in the mouth so that the dot/white side of the film packet faces the tube head during x-ray exposure. After the films are processed, they should be placed in the film mount so that all the embossed dots are facing the same direction ( raised for labial mounting; depressed for lingual mounting). This way the dental radiographer can then distinguish between the right and left sides of the patient.
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How do you change the density of the film?
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To improve a radiograph by altering the density the MAS is increased or decreased by 30-50%.
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name some methods you can use for pt education
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you can talk to them, show them written brochures or other visual aids, show them their films, demonstrate on models etc
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