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Consolidation
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1921-1928
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Lenin's death
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1924
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1912
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Spala Incident
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Alexander 2
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abolish serfdom
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September 1907
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Land ukazie
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When is serfdom abolished?
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1861
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1880
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Relaxation of state censorship
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January 9, 1905
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Bloody sunday
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1905
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Saratov rebellions, stolypin quells
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November 1905
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Rasputin meets Alexandra
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B. Chicherin
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Conservative liberal, judicial scholar, historian.Believed liberalism would be the cure of all of Russia's social ills. Served as the head of Moscow's Municipal government, called for establishing a national body government. Later called for a limited monarchy
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May- July 1906
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First Imperial Duma
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Petrashevsky
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leader of the Petrashevsky Circle. Westernizers. Pro-Serf liberation. More talk than action. Shut down in 1848 in response to the European revolution of 1848. 21 members were sentenced to death than changed to exile.
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Catherine I
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(1725-1727) Est. Supreme Secret Council
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NATO
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries
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Serf
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The system of agricultural labor popular in eastern Europe in which peasants had no rights or freedoms and were bound to the land.
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1882
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"One Russia Laws"- one nationality, religion, language, form of administration
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1878
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Vera Zasulich shoots and injures Trepov for the sentencing. Is let off by a jury. Shows many that the judicial reforms were working, but to the newly forming People's will, it showed weakness in the autocracy.
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1869
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Catechism of a Revolutionist was published
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1918
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reds vs white (reds= soviets White=eveybody else ,civil war
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Catherine
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______ kills Peter the 3. Everybody loves her. She took control. She was the first and only female Czar.
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A.N. Chemashevsky
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Leaser/Central figure of the Nihilist movement. Son of a priest and theologian. Arrested in 1862 but continued to publish revolutionary themes.
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Third Department
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"Third Section" Under Nicholas I. Brought back by Speransky, also the head. became very active, called "moral physicians" there to "heal" the country with the official ideology to replace the Enlightenment. Helped by an education system that also pushed the official ideology
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1884
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Expansion of the katorga (labor camps in Siberia) the number of political prisoners (Left) in the katorga tripled., Press Laws- restriction of Liberal ideas with the Okrhana
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Trans-Volga Elders
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based in the Volga Basin- Nonpossessors
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Communism
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an economic system in which the central government owns all property and business and everyone is "equal". There is no class system.
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Bladimir Putin
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elected russian president in 2000 after yeltsin resigned. A veteran of the soviet secret police.
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October 17, 1905
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October manifesto, Izteya newspaper, two days earlier strike
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1861
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Emancipation of the Serfs by Alexander II
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1881- 1884
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Establishment of military tribunals to deal with the People's Will; The Trial of Fourteen in which the leaders of the People's Will were convicted and the terror cell ceased to exist after 1884.
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80%
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This is the percentage of Russian Slavs that make up Russia's population
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G. Potemkin
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adviser to Catherine II, later became one of her lovers may have secretly married her. Tried to colonize the Steppe region of southern Ukraine. Known for his "Potemkin Village" False fronted village to impress visiting royalty.
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M. Muraviev
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Govenor General of Lithuania, known as "Hangman of Vilna"
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Zoe Paleologus (Sophia)
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Byzantine Princess who married Ivan III. Raised at the Vatican strong Catholic ties. Used by the Pope to bring Catholicism to Russia.
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Norman Theory
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Historical theory that the founders of the Kievan state were Varangians (Scandinavians/vikings)
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Joseph Stalin
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Brutal leader of Russia who took control when Lenin died. He renamed the country The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and arrested or killed millions of citizens who disagreed with him.
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Munich Conference
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Great Britain gave Hitler territory to try to keep him from taking more land in Europe
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Kulaks
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Peasants that had gotten rich due to the New Economic Policy. They didn't want to give up their land and resisted collectivization.
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1901
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Ito goes to St. Petersburg from Japan, ignored
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Romanov Dynasty
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the family took the thrown for 304 years
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Nicholas I
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(1826-1856) The "Iron Tsar" 3rd son of Paul, unaware he would become Tsar. Influenced by Napolanic Wars, Father (Paul I), very "Dangerous" World. Dealt with the Decemberist Revolt, Crimean War, Persian War and Polish Revolt. Also known as the "policeman of Europe"
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1877- 1878
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Trial of 193- trial of 193 students and others charged with anti- Czarist propaganda/ activity
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Mikhail of Tver
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Prince of Tver. Saint of the church.
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warsaw pact
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treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania
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September 20, 1905
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Beginning of the Great October Strike, started with bakers and printers
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Ivan the Great
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First russian Tsar who helped to stop the Mongols
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Battle of Kulikovo Pole
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Very bloody war between Mongol Empire and Russia. First time Mongols were defeated in 150 years. The beginning of the idea of unifying Russia
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What happened when Hungary revolted?
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They declared themselves free and their leader was executed by the Soviet Army. They had to stay communist.
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Cult of Personality
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The all knowing & all seeing father of all people (Stalin) Stalin controlled every aspect of the people's lives
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What were the 4 promises the Bolsheviks made to gain support?
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Peace, Land, Bread, control to Soviet councils
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What mistakes did the Czar and Czarina make to be forced to step down?
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not getting out of WWI, ignoring the protesters
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1914-1918
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WWI
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1881-1884
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Military tribunals
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1863
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Polish Uprising
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December 1904
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Baku strike
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1911-1916
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Power of Rasputin
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1876
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land and freedom created
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March 10 1917
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General strike
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1907- 1912
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Third Duma, conservative
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1200
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Mongols conquer;Tatars take over
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Slavophiles
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Wanted to keep russia's culture
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March 15, 1917
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Czar abdicates throne
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February 3, 1904
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Kurino leaves Russia
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serfs
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laboreres bound to the land
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Andrei Rublev
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Considered the Greatest Medieval Russian Painter of Orthodox Icons and Frescoes
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Nicolas I
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Suppressed the Decembrist Revolution. He believed in military build up and Russification program. He expanded Russia and got land from the ottomans which caused the Crimean war that ended with Russia's defeat.
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1874
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Education reform, and military reform no more knot punishment
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1877
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Trepov Incident (Trepov's sentence to 25 lashes with a knout defied the judicial reforms of 1864)
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Napoleon
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entered russia with the largest army ever
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Battle of Borodino
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(1812) Napolenic Wars (1812-1814) Between France and Russia, France wins but both sides loose many men. Napolean is forced to retreat due to weather.
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Land and Liberty/Freedom
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Populist, Opposed to terrorism believed the revolution will take a long time.
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Vitovt (Vytautas)
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Ruler of Medieval Lithuania- his father was responsible for the Teutonic Knights. His goal was to control as many Muscovite lands as possible, helped the Khan of the Golden Horde regain his throne, then later crusaded against the mongols
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Private Serf
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Serfs that work for Private landowners
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Boris Yeltsin
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The Energizer Bunny of Russian politics, Boris Yeltsin was an engineer and minor Communist Party official of the U.S.S.R. before winning the Russian presidency by popular vote in 1989. As president he was a key bridge figure between old-style Soviet Communism and the Russia of the 21st century. Rough-edged, blustery and jovial, Yeltsin was a populist leader late in the 1980s. Eager to speed up reforms, he opposed the policies of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, yet was instrumental in defeating a coup against Gorbachev in 1991. Yeltsin was himself elected president of the Russian Federation in 1991, and after the Soviet Union collapsed he remained in power. Despite political setbacks, rumors of heavy drinking and at least two heart attacks, he was re-elected to office in 1996. He retired abruptly on 31 December 1999, saying he had decided "Russia must enter the new millennium with new politicians." His replacement was Vladimir Putin
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Cheka
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Lenin creates this secret police to stop any anti-communists. After an attempt at Lenin's life he starts a Red Terror campaign where 50,000 people are killed.
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Quadruple Alliance
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The alliance between England, Austria, Prussia, and Russia, which was created March 9, 1814 and later renewed November 20, 1815 after Napoleon's second exile. It's two main purposes were to keep the peace and pursue victory over France.
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May 27, 1905
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Tsushima, tensions increase among military
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1848/ 1849
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The revolutions/ the intervention of 200,00 Russian troops into Habsburg- Austria
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What would serfdom equal to in the U.S.?
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Slavery
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Decemberist
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Their revolt is seen sometimes as the first Russian Revolution or the last Palace Coup. Want to change the whole system of government, divided into the Northern and Southern Societies. Northern was for a constitutional monarchy and the Southern was more radical and republican. Both wanted to eliminate serfdom.
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Richard Chancellor
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An English explorer and navigator. the first to penetrate the White Sea and establish relations with Russia
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Obrok
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A poll tax paid by peasants absent from their lord's estate.
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Perun
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In Slavic Mythology the highest god of the Pantheon. The God of thunder and lightening
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Treaty of Nystadt (1721)
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Ends the Great Northern War
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lenin
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Vladimir I. Lenin was a driving force behind the Russian Revolution of 1917 and became the first great dictator of the Soviet Union. After his brother was executed in 1887 (for plotting to kill the Czar), Lenin gave up studying law and became a full-time revolutionary. He studied Karl Marx and formed workers' groups, but was arrested and exiled to Siberia in 1895. In 1900 he went to Europe, and in 1903 he led the Bolsheviks in the split of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' party. When revolution broke out in Russia in 1917, he led the Bolsheviks to control the government. Lenin had complete political control over the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) until his death, and is remembered as the man who put Marx's ideas to practical use
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Decembrist Revolution
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After Alexander I died people would not swear allegiance to Czar Nicolas I because they wanted more freedom and democracy. This revolt was crushed by Nicolas I and the revolutionaries were sent to prison in Siberia.
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Alexander I
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inherited throne in 1801 he seemed open to liberal ideas, he eased censorship, and promoted education, he talked about freeing the serfs, he then drew back from reform, because he feared losing noble support at the Congress of Vienna he joined the conservative powers opposing liberal and national impulses
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December 3, 1905
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The St. Petersburg headquarters for the Soviets were taken out. By the end of Dec. the revolution was over.
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Unofficial Committee
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A group of close friends and advisers to Alexander I. Consisted of Czartoryski, Kochubei, Stroganov, Novosiltsev. Helped Alex establish many reforms including some sort of a constitution, did not like serfdom but realized they could not do anything about it.
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Gen. Cherniaev
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Known as "The Lion of Tashkent" for his Central Asian Conquest, headed the Siberian Army.
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Yuri Daniilovich
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(d. 1157) Tripled the size of the Moscow Principality. Vied for the Khan's favor and the thron after Andrei's death. Married the Khan's sister who was kidnapped and killed by warriors from Tver.
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Princess Anastasia
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Youngest daughter of the tsar. It was rumored that she escaped execution and made her way to Britain.
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Treaty of Brest Litovsk
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Humiliating peace treaty w/ Germany. Russia lost huge amount of land about 1/6 of the population. But it had to be done since the Russian army had no strength left.
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Taxes and Troops
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the mongols wanted the russians for this reason.
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Catechism of the Revolutionary
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(1869) Written by Bakunin and Nechaev. Different levels of comminment to the revolution, Revolutionaries should live in a levels of society, kill those who are not helpful to the revolution, created the cell structure, women are viewed as significant and extremly vital
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Supreme Secret Council
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Est. by Catherine I in 1726, an administrative and advisory body place upon the Senate. Abolished by Empress Anne in 1730
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Civil War of 1918-1921
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After signing peace treaty people were angry form White Army they fight Lenin's Red Army. Red army wins but causes a huge famine.
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Time of Troubles
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The 15 year period after the death of Fedor and before the coronation of Mikhail Romanov. There was a succession crisis as well as famine, 2 civil wars, the Bolotnikov rebellion and foreign invasion.
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Why wasn't Lenin concerned about giving land to Germany with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
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He thought there would be communist rebellion there and Russia would get the land back anyway.
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new capitals, new schools, reformed armies
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the changes that peter the great made in russia.
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glasnost
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openess
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religious leader
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Rasputin
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July 1877
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Trepov incident
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1855- 1881
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The Pale
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Prikazy
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Administrative office- "ministry," office," or "department" begun by ********
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May 1906
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First duma elections
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1908
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Education Ukasi by Nicholas
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1905-1906
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Witte is prime minister
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1917
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March and Bolshevik Revolution
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utopia
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a perfect world or society
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Nicholas ll
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the last tsar of Russia
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possessors/non possessors
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a 16th Century movement. Non-possessors were opposed to ecclesiastical land ownership- led by Nil Sorsky and Maksim Grek. Possessors were for ecclesiastical land ownership- led by Joseph Volotsky (josephites)
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Collectivization
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The government took grain from farmers. Peasants hid food and produced less. Stalin controlled all the land, set prices, and took Kulaks food.
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April 5, 1861
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Emancipation of the Serfs
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1894
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Witte est. government monopoly over vodka production
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August 1904
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Svyatopolk-Mirsky is appointed as Minister of the Interior, after dinner speeches gave a platform for intelligentsia to voice their opinions
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How many republics broke off when communism failed?
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15
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1848 Revolutions
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lass struggle all over Europe, Nationalist movements. Russia has to step into help the Ottoman empire suppress the Romanians as well ac crush a Hungarian revolution in Budapest.
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1879
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The People's Will is formed (from extrem land and freedoms); the People's Will sentences Czar alexander 2 to death.
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Vladimir I
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(980-1015) Became a Christian (may have been healed of an eye ailment or converted so he could marry a Byzantine princess) and played a significant role in bringing Christianity (orthodoxy) to Russia. Also stabilized the politics of Russia. His death was followed by a succession struggle.
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gorbachev
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Soviet dictator from 1985 to 1991 whose policies caused the end of the Soviet Union; revisionist historians identify him as the true Cold War Hero, not Reagan
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Duma
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A law making body (legistlature) Czar Nick II ended the first Duma meeting because they demanded too many things and there was not an equal balance.
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"Unofficial committee"
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group of four young, cultivatede, intelligent, and liberal friends of Alexander I who met with him frequently to discuss ideas. Members were Novosiltsev, Stroganov, Kochubey, Czartoryski.
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March 14, 1881
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Reign of Alexander III begins
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1910
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Nicholas relaxes the press laws of 1884
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1883
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Restriction of the Zemstvos- back to ideology of Nicholas I
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Jan. 1911
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Report on Rasputin to Czar Nicholas
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Who conquered almost all of Russia and his army was destroyed in the coldest Winter ever?
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Napolean
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V. Figner
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joined the Fritsche circle, which was composed of thirteen young Russian radical women, some of whom would become important members of the All-Russian Social Revolutionary Organization. Took part in the Kazan demonstration in St.Petersburg in 1876.
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Vladimir Monomakh
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(1113-1125) Last of the Great Kievan Princes. Brought together many nomadic tribes.
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czar nicholas
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The last emperor of Russia, Nikolai Aleksandrovich succeeded his father Alexander III as czar in 1894. Nicholas II and his wife, Alexandra (Alix) of Hesse, were coronated as rulers of Russia in 1896. As Czar he directed the construction of the Trans-Siberian railroad, made peace with France and shared entente with Great Britain (Alexandra was the granddaughter of Queen Victoria). His disastrous war with Japan (1904-05), however, led to the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the creation of the Duma (parliament). The autocratic emperor unwisely took personal charge of the armies during World War I -- replacing his uncle, Grand Duke Nicholas, in 1915 -- and left domestic affairs to Alexandra and her favorite advisor, Rasputin, neither of whom were much interested in social reform. Years of popular discontent with policies at home and abroad led to the Russian Revolution, and Nicholas II abdicated on March 15, 1917. He and his entire family were executed by the Bolsheviks in 1918, the last of the royal Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov line
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Rasputin
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A corrupt and immoral "Holy Man". He basically led the country b/c Czarina Alexandra blindly trusted him since he could help her hemophiliac son. Everyone hated the monarchy even more when Rasputin created even more chaos.
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Paul I
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(1796-1801) Son of Catherine and Peter III. Tries to reinstate mandatory military, hostile to the French, attacks British India, is overthrown on March 11 1801. Alexander I is placed on the throne
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1897
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Russia is the largest gold producer in the world
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alexander II
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this person freed the serfs in 1861..
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M. Speransky
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Close personal adviser to to Paul I, disliked by other Nobles, identified with a group that favors the French. Wrote a plan in 1809 to reorganize Russia's government, called for the creation of the State Duma, a separate judicial and executive institutions, dividing society into 3 estates: nobility, a middle estate, and "working people." Member of the Committee of 6 December. Wrote the 1835 Law code to replace the ulohaziania.
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Zaporozhian Host (sich)
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Cossaks who live in Central Ukraine all male society. Attack Crimean Khanate and Ottoman Empire. Poland tried to register and control them- failed.
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Vladimir Lenin
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Leader of the Bolsheviks, he led the revolution against the tsar and became the leader of Russia when Nicholas II was overthrown.
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scapegoat
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a person or group of people who are blamed for the bad things that occur
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October 13, 1905
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The entire Russian economy is shut down due to the October Strike
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secret police
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how stalin keppt an eye on his enemies
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Eastern Question
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What is to be done with the weakening Ottoman Empire, normally dated to 1774, when the Russo-Turkish War (1768-1774) ended in defeat for the Ottomans. As the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire was believed to be imminent, the European powers engaged in a power struggle to safeguard their military, strategic and commercial interests in the Ottoman domains. Imperial Russia stood to benefit from the decline of the Ottoman Empire.
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Sudebnik of 1497
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Law Codes written by Ivan III limited peasant movement to St. George's Day. Was Revised in 1550
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Edict of Emancipation 1861
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Reform passed by Alexander II. This freed serfs and were able to buy land but were in huge debt so they basically belonged to the land owners.
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Table of Ranks (1722)
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Est. By Peter I, 14 level ranking system based upon Ability.
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Who were the 4 groups fighting against the Communists in the Revolution?
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Allies, Czar supporters, Socialists and radicals
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Why were the women striking and rioting in Petrograd? (the capital of Russia)
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Long bread lines, too many men dying in the war
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