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political
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charasmatic leaders
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october revolution
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whites attacked gov't
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Leader of the Blosheviks
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Vladimir Lenin
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sickly son of nicholas and alexandra
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alexis
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collectivtization
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stalin take land from from peasants combineto make big
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lost power struggle after lenins death, murdered in Mexico
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Leon Trotsky
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Soviets
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- new organizations formed by workers to co-ordinate strikes
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New economic policy
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pesants sell food for profit, capitilism
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the capital of russia today is...and was turned into it from..list 2
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petrograd, leningrad
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kulaks
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- rich peasants who owned animals and hired labours
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Rasputin
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Russian Holy man that had a lot of influence over Alexandria, Tsar Nicholas' wife
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Bloody Sunday
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- Tsar kills thousands of his own people
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Stolypin (Chief Minister)
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- brought in land reforms to encourage higher production
- Aimed to encourage kulaks to become efficient producers for the market
- Allowed them to consolidate their land into one holding and buy up land of poorer peasants
Downside: produced class of alienated poor peasants
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what were the biggest mistakes that Nicholas made during his reign?
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big wedding, october manifesto, married austrian, took over milatary, lost war, bloody sunday, rasputin in charge
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Why was modernisation was needed?
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- Great Power; Russia had to industrialize; Couldn't be an important military power w/o a strong industrial base to provide weapons
- Modernize agriculture and industrialize to increase the general wealth of the country and take the surplus labor off the overcrowded land and into the towns
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what was lenin's 2nd slogan and why did it work
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"peace, land, and bread" that's what everyone wanted
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Alexander 2
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liberal
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Anarchy
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noo rule/law
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Purges
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Chistka-Show Trials-Yezhovshina...First a period of time where the party was cleared out non-violently...then a period where the old Bolsheviks were publicly tried and executed...then a massive terror where everyone from intelligentsia to the Red Army is purged. Most are executed or sent to work camps (Gulags)
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Alexander
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fought again napoleon
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Autocracy/Patriarchy/Monarchy
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Tsarist Russia...Tsar has supreme power, and is believed to be kept in power by god. Tsar has a council, a cabinet of ministers, and Tsar remains autocrat. Bureacracy leads to bribery, and rigid hierarchy. This is inefficient. Opposition is untolerable, and parties are banned initially. Censoring, Okhrana...etc. Exile is common.
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Pravday
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means truth but it states lies
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Russo-Japenese War
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Fougt over Manchora and Korea
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Liberals/Cadets
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Cadets, formed 1905, with Octoberists, push the Tsar towards constitutional monarchy. Non-violent....
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Gulag
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Work camps, where political enemies were frequently sent to instead of execution. They provided cheap labor in inhospitable regions and most that went there died.
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Lenin
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Not very Russian ethnically, studies and becomes a lawyer. Later he is involved in propeganda and got arrested and exiled until 1900. He put forward ideas at Social Democratic party that leads to a split between Mensheviks and Bolsheviks. Exiled again after 1905 Rev and comes back in 1917.
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"Revised History"
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Stalin rewrites history, showing himself as the leader of the Revolution and best friend to Lenin. He has this belief dispersed throughout the USSR.
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Trotsky
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used war communism-in charge of red terror and is killed at Frida Kanio
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Russian Orthodox Church
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Mystical and superstitious religion, supports Tsarist system.
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Petrograd Soviet
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Dominated by Mensheviks and Chkheidze (leader), the Soviet embodied leading committees and delegates from factories. The soldiers demanded representation, gaining Order No. 1, where each regiment was to elect committees that would send representitives to the Soviet. Renamed "Soviet of Workers and Soldiers' Deputies"
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Permanent Revolution
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TROTSKY's IDEA: Belief that the Communist Revolution was too weak, and needed to support the working class of other European countries to survive. The revolution would be kept continuing, and compulsory labour units would be required to force peasants into collective farms to make a new economic base.
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Totalitarian State
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Stalin shapes Russia into a totalitarian system... a state in which power is concentrated in the hands of one man or small group, excercising excessive control of individuals and denying them of basic rights, enforced by secret police.
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Coup d'Etat
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Theories suggest that the Oct/Nov Revolution was a coup carried out by a few revolutionaries. The revolution was forced and the people were unwilling.
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Single Managers
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During War Communism, single managers are put back in factories to replace the workers' committees.
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Stalin
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man of steal-was abused and he abused his wives- 5 year plan was to industrilize russia and collective far
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Nicholas 2 kids
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Olga,Tatiana, Maria, and Anastasi all worked as nurses-Anastasia said still alive by Anna Anderson-Alexi-hemophilia
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Potemkin Mutiny
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A mutiny on the Potemkin Battleship, where officers revolted and killed their officers and hijacked the ship.
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Work Incentives
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Used to increase production and keep workers from flitting from job to job; the longer a worker worked at a factory, the more bonuses they received.
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NEP
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New Economic Policy, made 1921 as a concession to War Communism. It's features included - abolition of grain requistioning, abolition of the ban on private trade, small businesses reopened, state control of heavy industry. By 1922, there results are hugely promising with a surge of small business. By 1924 large-scale industry is well on its way too. Bourgeois return as NEP-men.
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Collectivisation
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The policy used to force peasants into collectives. There was a huge amount of resistance. This push caused chaos and starvation and revolt. It resulted in drops of production, but he used the surplus food to help pay for the massive industrialist movement.
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Karl Marx/Marxism/Communism
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Under Marxist communism, there is no state, just people who continue working to keep society going. Everyone is equal, there is no labour, and people pool ideas and resources. It was proposed by Karl Marx, and it goes Feudalism>>Bourgeois Rev>> Capitalism>>Socialist/Proletariat Rev>>Socialism>>Communism
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Brest-Litovsk Treaty
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A treaty made by Lenin (reluctently) that surrenders to the Germans. They lose a huge amount of land and Trotsky is hugely upset. The treaty splits Russia; many join against the Bolsheviks in favor of a revolutionary war to encourage European Revolution, and Civil War is inevitable.
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Lenin's Testament
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A testament, written by Lenin, that was to warn the Party Congress of Stalin's power and to not trust him. The testament was intercepted and given to the Central Committee. Zinoviev and Kamanev urged that it not be made public, fearing it would help Trotsky and hurt them. They also had no issue with Stalin (yet).
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October Manifesto
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The October Manifesto, along with the other reforms made by the Tsar in 1905, include the making of the Duma, and making the Stolypin Reforms, and increases in industry. While industry grows, the workers wages remain constant, angering them. Investors and entrepreneurs are very prosperous. Strikes continue, right before WWI.
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Contradiction of Modernisation
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The Tsar, who wanted to modernise Russia, was at a dillema for several reasons. Most modernised countries featured democracy, it would create social movement and therefore possible instability for the Tsar, it would drive a more educated workforce capable of challenging power, and the growth of the middle class would pressure for a more representative government.
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Tambov Rebellion(QUESTION...clarify importance?)
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A massive rebellion in the Tambov Region, fuelled by War Communism.
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Witte's Economic Policies
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Sergei Witte = Finance Minister up till 1903, believes that Russia will benefit most from improving railways, industry, and communications. He did so by increasing taxes on peasants and with foreign investments, particularly from the French. In 1902, it starts to fail as international slump hits Russia along with bad harvests and massive strikes. Russia forced to supress with force.
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Show Trials
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Used by Stalin to secure his own power. He uses the show trials as a method to eliminate possible enemies and cement his position in the party.
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Peter Stolypin's Land Reforms
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Kulaks (rich peasants) encouraged to consolidate their land, and to buy out land. This is highly efficient and production increases, but the poor peasants are alienated and grow angry. Many emigrate to the cities.
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Febuary Revolution
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the overthrow of the Czar is known as the
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Provisional Government
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Set up March 2 1917, headed by Kadets and Milyukov (Foreign Minister). The Prov Gov's job was to run Russia until a Constituent Assembly could be formed.
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"dvoyevlastiya" - "dual power"
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Power- after the abdication of the Tsar- was shared between the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet.
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Russia's size and nationalities
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Russia is big and encompasses many nationalities, and Tsar imposes Russification to keep them all under control. It's size also makes communication difficult
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