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Definitions |
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Limestone
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Sandstone
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angular
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negligible transport
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coprolite
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fossilized excrement
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Rock Salt
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crystalline, cpo
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Surfaces
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smooth/polished to "frosted", etched
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dynamic metamorphism
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shear stress predominant
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Chemical Limestone
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Fine Crystalizing
Calcite
Chemical Evaporite
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sedimentary environments: Evaproite
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chemical sediments
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flat face
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attack from 1 direction
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Nonclastic
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a pattern of interlocking crystals
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two chemical sedimentary rocks
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tufa,rock salt
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coquina
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shell fragments cemented by calcite/beach
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Coquina
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soft porous limestone, composed essentially of fragments of shells and coral,
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Sedimentary contact
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Transitional with other deposits
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cementation
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The process by which dissolved minerals crystalize and glue particles of sediment together into one mass.
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erosion
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removal of sediment grains from rock
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Ironstone
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Grey and red layers, streaks brows
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Conglomerate
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sedimentary rock composed largely of gravels.
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Ice wedging
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Mechanical weathering process that occurs when water freezes in the cracks of rocks and expands, causing the rock to break apart
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sediment
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matter deposited by some natural process
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fossils
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remains or traces of acient life
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precipitation
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process of forming a chemical precipitate
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Unsorted
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no order of layering or size
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coastal beaches
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surf zone; sediment constantly being processed by wave attack; well-sorted
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Stratification
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The layering of sedimentary rock. Also called bedding.
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cement
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the minerals that fill sediment pores and cement the rock together
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Types of Cement
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A) Quartz
B) Calcite
C) Hematite
D) Barite
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Climate
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Average weather pattern in an area over a long period of time; can be classified by temperature, humidity, precipitation, and vegitation
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cross bedding
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inclined layer of sediment deposite across hoorizontal surface
formed on sandy beaches, migrating sand dune
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sedimentary structures: cross bedding
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indicates current direction
wind, water
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clastic and chemical
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two groups of sedimentary rocks
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Greywacke
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- Fine grained Matrix
- Usually from turbidity currents
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Deposition
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dropping of sediments. Occurs when agents of erosion(water, wind, glacier) can no longer carry the sediment.
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James Hutton
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father of modern geology; principle of uniformitarianism
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mud crack
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a feature in some sedimentary rocks that forms when wet mud dries out, shrinks, and cracks
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Mudstone
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a rock that breaks into chunks or blocks.
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Texas State Capitol
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-Made of granite
-Almost made of limestone
-Paid for with 3 million acres of land
-That land became XIT ranch
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Longshore current
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current that runs parallel to the shore line at slight angels, and moves tons of loose sediments
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grain size:medium
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made of sand, form sandstone (pure quartz sand) arkose (sand size quartz plus feldspar makes it pink) graywacke (mixture of different clast sizes), tend to be 2-.063mm
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shale
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only rock that does not cement because the pore spaces are too small
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Clay
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so small, its too fine to even "feel"
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Where are calcerous deposits found?
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From the Northern Hemisphere's perspective, the southern oceans.
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Particle size
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Refers to diameter of clasts making up a rock. Names used for clast size from coarsest to finest are: boulder, cobble, pebble, sand, silt, and clay.
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Mass movement
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Ant type of erosion that occurs as gravity moves materials down slope
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Sedimentary Rocks
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Rocks that are mostly found on the exposed surface of Earth, made of sediments, and form in layers
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fossil, p 23
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the remains or traces of organisms preserved from the geologic past
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Bioclastic sedimentary rock
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made by living organisms or composed mostly of materials from life forms. Also called organic sedimentary rock.
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clastic sedimentary rocks
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made of weathered bits of rocks and minerals: (conglomerate, breccia, sandstone, stiltstone, shale)
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environment of deposition, p 228
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a geographic setting where sediment accumulates. Each site offers a unique combination of geologic processes and environmental conditons.
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what are Steno's four laws?
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law of original horrizontality, law of cross cutting relationships, superposition, lateral contituity
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nonclastic texture, p 228
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a term for the texture of sedimentary rocks in which the minerals form a pattern of interlocking crystals.
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What is a fossil and what types of things become fossils?
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evidence of ancient life; animal bones, shells, plant remains
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Lignite
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Rock gypsum
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organic
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carbon-based compound
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chemical
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evaporites
calcite, halite, gypsum
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Sediments
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solid particles (clasts)
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Meander
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curve in a river
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Compaction
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Accumulation of sediments, usually deltas in rivers
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Wentworth Scale
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List of Rock Sizes:
-Boulder...Foot
-Cobble
-Pebble...Thumb
-Gravel
-Sand...Sugar
-Silt
-Clay...Flour
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detrial
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mineral/rock fragments produced by mechanical weathering or erosion
shale, sandstone, and mudstone
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Breccia
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rock composed of sharp-angled fragments embedded in a fine grained matrix
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geographic locations
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Formations were named after
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fine clastics
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composed of silt and clay
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formation
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strata recognized on a regional scale
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Coquina (hash of fossil fragments)
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clastic, cpo
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Streams
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the second most powerful erosional force on Earth
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Conglermerate
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-large fragments ranging from gravel to boulders,
-any mineral composition
-porosity and permeability depend on degree of cementation
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chalk
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soft compact calcite, CaCO3, with varying amounts of silica, quartz, feldspar, or other mineral impurities, generally gray-white or yellow-white and derived chiefly from fossil seashells
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Aridisol
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Low in organic matter, has carbonate horizons. Forms in arid environments (e.g. Western US)
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well sorted clast
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uniform grain size, steady energy
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Sorting
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Indicates the degree to which the clasts in a rock are all the same size or include a variety of sizes. Well-sorted sediment consists entirely of sediment of the same size, where poorly sorted sediment contains a mixture of more than one grain size.
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Inorganic Limestone
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tan to gray, fizzes in acid
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Moraine
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Large ridge of rocks and soil deposited by a glacier when it stops moving forward
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organic rock
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sedimentary rock that forms from remains of organisms deposited in thick layers
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ripple marks
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sedimentary rock sometimes record the motion of wind and water waves on lakes, oceans, rivers, and sand dunes in features
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coarsed grained detrital sedimentary rocks
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conglomerate and breccia
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biochemical rocks
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sedimentary rocks that consist of shell material
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Laminations/laminae
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Layers within the horizontal beds that may be a different angles/ inclined as cross beds
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Fossil
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remains, imprints, or traces of a living thing that lived long ago
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Sedimentary rock that can form by both chemical and biochemical processes
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Limestone
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Conglomerate (texture, type, grain size)
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Clastic, detrial, coarse grain
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Sed Features: Nodules
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Rounded rocks of DIFFERENT composition to host rock
Examples: Flint Nodules, Septarian Nodules, Pyrite Nodules, Geodes
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Abrasion
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A type of erosion that occurs when wind blown sediments strike rocks and sediments, polishing and pitting their surface
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chemical sedimentary rocks
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formed by precipitation of minerals out of water solutions. this occurs without life activity of organisms.
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chemical weathering
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minerals in rocks change into new substances
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Claystone
- Fine grained rock
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clay sized particles, they're smooth
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Deposition (clastic sedimentary process)
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Settling out of the transporting fluid.
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What are sedimentary rocks?
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- solidification of loose sediments
- from weathering of preexisting rocks
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the correct sequence of rock forming
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erosion,deposition compactation and cementation
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Where would you go today to find andhydrite forming?
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Persian Gulf
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Compare differences between a conglomerate and a breccia
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Breccia consists of angular fragments(rubble) while in conglomerate the particles show obvious signs of wear(gravel)The difference is the roundness of grains. Conglomerates are more rounded
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Erosion, transportation, deposition, and lithification
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What are the four major sedimentary processes?
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How are clastic rocks formed?
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from sediments that have been weathered, transported, or deposited
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Mudstone
- Fine grained rock
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kinda variation of shale with less sorting (I wouldn't use this term)
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graded bed, p 237
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a layer of sediment that has larger particles on the top and smaller particles on the bottom. Graded beds change gradually in grain size from top to bottom.
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What does rock salt form from?
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It forms from halite which is salt in solution.
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