University of Florida , HUN hun4221

Excerpt: ... it uses energy from dehy bicarb to add carboxyl group to biotin Biotin picks up carboxyl group-FROM BICARB AND ATP and then donates it on other unit of enzyme Ex pyruvate carboxylase-carboxylates pyruvate; where it gets the co2 is explained above o Holocarb syn adds biotin to protein to enzyme actually binds to lysine o Carboxylases constantly being broken down and resyn. So in process it could leave us w/ some biocytin-why we also have biotinidase in cells ; must be able to cleave free biotin to recycle it when we synthesize new carboxylases IMPT. What substarte/product o Ex acetyl coa carboxylase substrate-catalyzes carb acetyl coa product malomyl coa o Prop coA* from b12 Def leads to excretion Don't need to know exact organic catabolites for each enzyme. But be framiliar if you have def. of one enzyme, incr. in blood What are the symptoms of lactic academia? Pyruvate carboxylase* Recycling of biotin Non-coenzymatic roles o o o Biotinlyation of histones-gene silencing, etc. Has e ...

Cornell, BIO G 101

Excerpt: ... September 30, 2005 Cellular Respiration I. II. III. Glcolysis 10 steps, glucosepyruvate, fermentation Citric Acid Cycle NADH (intermediate storage of e- energy) NEEDS02 Oxidative Ohosphorylation electron transport & chemiosmosis NEEDS O2 glycolysis Where? o Cytosol What? o Produces 2 pyruvates (6C 2C3) o Produces NADH (NAD+ reduced, energy carriers) o Substrate-level phosphorylation produces 2 molecules of ATP When? o 1st thing Up Close: o Phosphorylate 6C to 6C-P o Phosphorylate 6C-P to P-6C-P o Lyse in half so you get: P-3C and 3C-P o Oxidize P-3C to reduce NAD+ to NADH and H+ o Get P-3C-P Subtrate Level Phosphorylization: o Enzymes create ATP from pyruvater>? Look at energy chart of ppt You don't need to memorize the 10 steps. citric (krebs) acid cycle Step 1: Getting the pyruvate in o Cleave pyruvate into CO2 and acetyl o Acetyl COA is oxidized, which reduces NADH o Acetyle COA 6C 2CO2, 2NADH, 1 ATP, 1 FADH2 o Times by two because there are two yruvates. electron transpor ...

Allegheny, BIO 220

Excerpt: ... glycolytic pathway (e.g. not ATP, NADH, FADH2). Also indicate the number of chemicals for each input and output (6 pts). Pathway Glycolysis Pyruvate Oxidation Krebs Cycle Carbon Containing Input Chemical(s) 1 Glucose 2 Pyruvates 2 Acetyl COA Carbon Containing Output Chemical(s) 2 Pyruvates 2 Acetyl COA + 2 CO2 4 CO2 10a. The following two graphs shows the rate of production of CO2 and the breaking point (arrow) for a breath hold experiment in a typical human subject. On the graph below, draw the line that represents the results that would occur when a subject hyperventilates prior to holding their breath. State why this breath hold time will be different from normal. For this question you should have drawn a line on the graph that starts at a lower PCO 2 and increase parallel to the line given. Because you are blowing off CO2 when you hyperventilate you start at a lower PCO2 and take longer to reach the breaking point and you will therefore have a longer breath hold duration. 10b. On the graph below, d ...

University of Texas, BIO 365R

Excerpt: ... 1 Week 4 Notes 2/4/08 Synapses Knowledge of neuron functions. - Understood muscle relaxers long before we knew what was going on at the neuromuscular junction - A major transduction event when the neurotransmitter is released. What is happening at th ...

University of Florida , HUN hun4221

Excerpt: ... nary- INTACT 50% REST CATABOLITES- MAJOR IS BISNORBIOTON* o MAJOR URINARY CATABOLITE OF BIOTIN Function o Coenzyme for 4 diff. carboxylases 1. Pyruvate-oxaloacetate(tca or glucnewgen) 2. Acetyl coA carboxy- Fatty acid synthesis 3. Propinyl coA caboxylase B methyl coA carboxy Catabolism of amino acid GLUCINE o TO B METHYLGLU COa COENZYME o Donating carboxyl group to SUBSTRATE Carboxylase-without bioton- called apocarboxylase o Enzyme called Attach biotn to Form Doesn't have co2 group yet must be ACTIVATED FIRST Carboxylases? 2 unites with bioton in middle o o o o o o First goes to orolysis of atp to dehydrate to form anhydride ne side of enzyme where carboxylase uses energy from hy gets carboxyated- carboxylase uses energy from hydrolysis of atp to dehydrate bicarb to form anhydride which carboxylates biotin this is how co2 group gets onto biotin picks up co2 gest co2 from bicarb enzyme uses energy from atp to convert bicarb to co2 this is where biotin gets it ...

University of Texas, BIO 301L

Excerpt: ... drate 4 kcal per gram Protein- 4 kcal per gram Lipid- 9 kcal per gram Ethanol- 7kcal per gram 1 ATP= 3.5 x 10-25 1 glucose molecule= 34-38 ATP 16-0 lipid= 124 ATP Monosaccharide unit = smallest part of carbohydrates Glucose Fructose Galactose Disaccharides = two monosaccharide Sucrose (glucose + fructose) Lactose (glucose + galactose) Maltose (glucose + glucose) Polysaccharides- branched structures made from monosaccharides Cellulose (fiber), plants Starch, plants Glycogen (storage form of ATP) Glucose + o2 co2+h2o Energy+ADP+pi ATP Energy comes from: Breakage of bonds Electron transport- move electroenergy to making concentration gradient, ATP formation Mitochondria 1 micron diameter Double membrane Protein and DNA Functions: Synthesize ATP Release energy that is fed to it as acetyl coA Electron transport occurs in inner membrane Intermembrane High proton concentration 1 eMatrix Low proton concentration Electron from NADH goes to complex 1 (becomes NAD) proton, pumped out Electron tansported from 1 t ...

Berkeley, NST 10

Excerpt: ... ase absorption of other nutrients. It's transported thru Portal vein from the small intestine and into the liver. Where do nutrients go after small intestine they go from small intestine to portal vein to the liver. (that's where alcohol goes) e. In liver alcohol = first priority nutrient body views it as a toxic it will metabolize alcohol first. It tries to get rid of alcohol; stops many other processes that it's doing to try to get rid of alcohol; alcohol metabolism comes first f. Ethanol is the type of alcohol we drink other kinds of alcohols but we don't want to drink them (b/c they're poisonous). Ethanol is converted by enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase to the acid acetadehayde and converts in two steps to Acetyl CoA . g. Enzymes i. Alcohol Dehydrogenase converts ethanol to acetaldehyde. Depends on (i) Gender: Females have a lot less ADH in stomach (ii) Genetic background (iii) Body size - % lean body mass 2 people with equal size, one with lots of body fat and one with lots of muscle the guy w ...

New Mexico, BIOCHEM 423

Excerpt: ... otin D. Fatty acid synthesis. Enzyme = fatty acid synthase complex There are four steps in each addition of a 2-carbon piece. But first.an acetyl group and a malonyl group are attached to thiol groups on the fatty acid synthase. This is the "charging" reaction and not considered part of the numbered 4step sequence that follows: 1. Condensation: -acetyl group (2C) + malonyl group (3C) -> CO2 + 4-C construct (acetoacetyl-ACP) Note that the CO2 added to make the malonyl CoA by acetyl CoA carboxylase leaves at this point 2. Reduction using NADPH 3. Dehydration, creates a double bond 4. Reduction using NADPH These four steps are repeated until a 16C saturated FA (palmitate) is made, and released. E. More on fatty acid synthase -enormous enzyme complex -7 different active sites -Acyl Carrier Protein is centerpiece: a flexible arm that can reach all the active sites, carries growing fatty acid chain from one site to next F. Formation of longer (than 16C) FAs -further addition of acetyl groups to 16:0 ...

Columbia, BIOL BC1001

Excerpt: ... osphorylating them consumes ATP a. 5 reactions each by different enzyme b. 2 ATP glucose 2 halves of glucose; energy from split make G3P 2. removing phosphates & electrons from the 3-C, adding electrons to NAD+ NADH a. NAD+ takes 2 electrons from each G3P; G3P takes 2nd phosphate b. 2nd phosphate joins ADP first ATP's 3. removing more electrons & phosphates from the 3-C molecules; add to ADP ATP a. transfer phosphate: ADP ATP; pyruvate left STEP 2: CONVERTING PYRUVATE TO ACETYL-COA Coenzyme A (CoA) an enzyme used in converting pyruvate to acetyl-CoA 1. pyruvate loses 1 C, 2 O (waste CO2) 2. remaining 2C loses 2 electrons NAD+ NADH 3. remaining 2C acetate is linked to CoA by enzymes acetyl CoA oxygen must be present 2 possible fates enter 3rd step make more ATP form fatty acids/cholesterol when there is enough ATP HOW DOES A CELL GENERATE ATP FROM ACETYL-COA? Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) the reactions of Step 3; Krebs worked on details in 1930's 1. formation of 6-C citrate (citric acid) ...

Maryland, NFSC 100

Excerpt: ... Nutritional Deficiency: Primary Stage- problem with dietary intake. Secondary Stageproblem inside of the body. Iron deficiency is the major micronutrient deficiency in the US and worldwide. Infants, children, elderly, and women of the fertile age are vulnerable to it. Anemia. In Iron deficiency Red blood cells are small and pale. See book for deficiency chart. Water soluble vitamins are less toxic than fat because they have less tissue storage. Look at chart for toxic nutrients. *Coenzymes: Riboflavin, Thiamin, Niacin, Vit B-6; Cofactors: Iron, Copper Glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids need to be broken down into acetyl COA so they can be use as energy. Nutrients required for RBC formation are: Folate, and Vit B-12 are needed for proper cell divison. Iron and copper are required for hemoglobin. Macrocytic Anemia: Caused by folate and Vit B-12 deficiency. Blood Cells Increase in size. Microcytic Anemia: Cause by Iron and Copped Deficiency. Blood cells are small and pale. Iron is absorbed in the intestine, w ...