Documents about Expert Testimony

 

5

Western Michigan, PSCI 1050
Excerpt: ... Chapter 5. Inductive Generalizations: Controlled Studies and Analogies Who said so? And who are they anyway? What this chapter should do for you. This chapter continues the study of evidence in the form of inductive generalizations from research, focusing on controlled studies, expert testimony and analogies. After studying this chapter you should be able to evaluate the basic quality of a controlled study, use specific criteria to evaluate expert testimony and to be aware of the appropriate uses of argument from analogy. The difference between the previous chapter and this chapter In the previous chapter, the forms of evidence we considered were statistical studies (polls and surveys mostly) and causal generalizations. In this chapter the focus is on controlled studies, expert testimony , and analogies. Controlled studies are mostly utilized in medical experiments or experiments in the natural sciences. What are the following in research? Protocol? Subject? Control? Blind experiments Double- ...

Speech #5 Rubric

Baylor, CSS 1301
Excerpt: ... _ / 5 points _ / 5 points _ / 15 points _ / 60 total (Previous example of solution's success, applicable pilot study, or expert testimony /supportive research) Speech Grade: _ / 100 points total Special Note: 1 point taken off final grade total for every 15 seconds under or over time limit (5-7 minutes) ...

200677_r20t_0120418

Stanford, CSCO 1018
Excerpt: ... T 11 12 13 14 15 16 Winston & Strawn LLP NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 17 SAN JOSE DIVISION 18 In re 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 NOTICE OF MOTION AND MOTION TO EXCLUDE EXPERT TESTIMONY OF JOSEPH KRAEMER; MPA ISO MOTION, Case No. C-01 20418 JW Case No. C 01-cv-20418 JW CLASS ACTION CISCO DEFENDANTS NOTICE OF MOTION AND MOTION TO EXCLUDE EXPERT TESTIMONY OF JOSEPH KRAEMER; MEMORANDUM OF POINTS AND AUTHORITIES IN SUPPORT Date: September 18, 2006 Time: 3:00 p.m. Place: Courtroom of the Hon. James Ware CISCO SYSTEMS, INC. SECURITIES LITIGATION, Defendant. This Document Relates To: ALL ACTIONS Case 5:01-cv-20418-JW Document 573 Filed 07/07/2006 Page 2 of 27 1 2 3 4 5 III. 6 7 A. 8 B. 9 C. 10 IV. 101 California Street San Francisco, CA 94111-5894 Table of Contents Page I. II. Introduction.1 The Court Should Act As A Gatekeeper To Keep Improper Expert Testimony From The Jur ...

sample2

Iowa State, SPCM 212
Excerpt: ... merous citations of expert testimony , including a quote from the director of the Harvard School for Public Health. 10. What specific actions is the speaker calling for in his/her claims on the Plan Issue? How does the speaker support his/her claim that the Plan will solve the Problem? Resources to review: T p. 414-415, Lecture 8W. A good answer: Identifies accurately and specifically what the speaker's plan is, and how he/she says it will work. Sample answer: The speaker calls (a) for federal legislation to regulate the use of antibacterial products, and (b) for each of us to stop buying them. For (a), she doesn't tell us how the federal legislation would work exactly, although she does draw an analogy to the Food & Drug Administration's regulation of prescription antibiotics. She also doesn't tell us how a consumer boycott would work, although I don't have any questions, really, about how I personally could go about avoiding anti-bacterial products. 11. What specific claim(s) does the speaker make on the ...

Peevyhouse_casebrief

Cornell, LAW Casebrief
Excerpt: ... Case Name: Peevyhouse v. Garland Coal & Mining Company, 382 P.2d 109 (1962) Procedural history: Plaintiffs and defendant appealed the jury verdict for plaintiffs from the District Court of Oklahoma County, in their breach of contract action arising from defendant's nonperformance after expiration of a lease. Facts: Plaintiffs leased their premises to defendant for coal mining purposes. Defendant agreed to perform certain restorative and remedial work at the end of the lease period, which defendant failed to perform. At trial, plaintiffs introduced expert testimony as to the estimated cost of the work to be done. Defendant introduced expert testimony as to the diminution in value of plaintiffs' farm resulting from defendant's nonperformance. The court left the amount of damages for jury determination. The jury returned a verdict for plaintiffs for only a fraction of the cost of performance, but more than the total value of the farm even after the remedial work was done. Legal Issue/Question: What are the appro ...

200677_r18t_0120418

Stanford, CSCO 1018
Excerpt: ... l counsel appear on signature page.] 18 19 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA SAN JOSE DIVISION Master File No. C-01-20418-JW(PVT) CLASS ACTION PLAINTIFFS' NOTICE OF AND MOTION IN LIMINE TO PRECLUDE CERTAIN EXPERT TESTIMONY BY ROMAN WEIL AND CLIFFORD PIKE DATE: TIME: COURTROOM: JUDGE: September 18, 2006 3:00 p.m. 8, Fourth Floor Honorable James Ware 20 In re CISCO SYSTEMS, INC. SECURITIES ) LITIGATION ) 21 ) ) 22 This Document Relates To: ) ) 23 ) ALL ACTIONS. ) 24 25 26 27 28 Case 5:01-cv-20418-JW Document 569 Filed 07/07/2006 Page 2 of 17 1 2 3 I. 4 II. 5 III. 6 7 8 9 10 IV. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 B. C. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION .1 STANDARDS.2 ARGUMENT. ...

20071029_r05x_021486

Stanford, JDSU 1023
Excerpt: ... XPERT TESTIMONY OF SCOTT D. HAKALA, PH.D., CFA Master File No. C-02-1486 CW (EDL) IN RE JDS UNIPHASE CORPORATION) CLASS ACTION SECURITIES LITIGATION ) LEAD PLAINTIFF ' S OPPOSITION TO THE JDSU DEFENDANTS ' RENEWED MOTION This Document Relates To: ) TO EXCLUDE EXPERT TESTIMONY OF All Actions ) SCOTT D. HAKALA, PH.D., CFA 4:02-cv-01486-CW Document 1744 Filed 10/29/2007 Page 2 of 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 1. ISSUES TO BE DECIDED Whether the defendants' renewed Daubert motion challenges new information or methodologies from Dr. Hakala's most recent deposition or supplemental report? Whether Dr. Hakala's failure to locate some of his notes from his fundamental analysis constitutes spoliation? II. INTRODUCTION Following the Court's August 24, 2007 summary judgment opinion, the Plaintiffs' damages expert, Dr. Scott D. Hakala, submitted a supplemental report on September 12, 2007 tc conform his analysis with that ruling by limiting and modifying the number ...

465SP09PresentationTopics

Coastal Carolina University, WW 465
Excerpt: ... General Presentation Framework Provide a brief history of what has been done in this area. Focus on any landmark research and/or court decisions that have moved the field forward or changed the legal face of the topic (e.g., the Stanford Prison Study or Roe. v. Wade). Cover each of the following with regard to the intersection of psychology and law for this topic: psychology in the law psychology and the law psychology of the law. Recognize there may be little or no basic research in your topic (psychology of the law). If this is the case, suggest what may/ should be done. At the minimum, draw conclusions about the current state of the topic v. where the topic began. The very best presentations will synthesize what is known about the topic with novel approaches to where the topic should go. Rubric to be posted at a later date. Topics 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Capital Punishment Children in the Courts Civil Courts Criminal Profiling Expert Testimony (need not be restricted to psyc ...

2007930_r01t_0201486

Stanford, JDSU 1023
Excerpt: ... s Master File No. C-02-1486 CW (EDL) DEFENDANTS' AMENDED NOTICE OF MOTION AND MOTION TO EXCLUDE TESTIMONY OF PLAINTIFFS' EXPERTS Date: Time: Ctrm: Before: October 9, 2007 2:00 P.M. 2, 4th Floor Hon. Claudia Wilken Trial Date: October 22, 2007 DEFS.' AMENDED MTN. TO EXCLUDE EXPERT TESTIMONY MASTER FILE NO. C-02-1486 CW (EDL) sf-2396736 Case 4:02-cv-01486-CW Document 1560 Filed 09/30/2007 Page 2 of 44 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 MICHAEL L. CHARLSON (Bar No. 122125) J. CHRISTOPHER MITCHELL (Bar No. 215639) HELLER EHRMAN LLP 275 Middlefield Road Menlo Park, California 94025 Telephone: (650) 324-7000 Facsimile: (650) 324-0638 Email: michael.charlson@hellerehrman.com chris.mitchell@hellerehrman.com Attorneys for Defendant Kevin Kalkhoven DEFS.' AMENDED MTN. TO EXCLUDE EXPERT TESTIMONY MASTER FILE NO. C-02-1486 CW (EDL) sf-2396736 Case 4:02-cv-01486-CW Document 1560 Filed 09/30/2007 Page 3 of 44 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. 9 10 11 3. 12 13 14 II. 15 A. 16 1. 17 a ...

2007831_r06t_021486

Stanford, JDSU 1023
Excerpt: ... . C-02-1486 CW (EDL) DEFENDANTS' NOTICE OF MOTION AND MOTION TO EXCLUDE TESTIMONY OF PLAINTIFFS' EXPERTS Date: Time: Ctrm: Before: September 25, 2007 2:00 P.M. 2, 4th Floor Hon. Claudia Wilken 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 DEFS.' MTN. To EXCLUDE EXPERT TESTIMONY MASTER FILE No. C-02-1486 CW (EDL) sf-2375081 Trial Date: October 22, 2007 ase 4:02-cv-01486-CW Document 1388 Filed 08/31/2007 Page 2 of 44 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 MICHAEL L. CHARLSON (Bar No. 122125) J. CHRISTOPHER MITCHELL (Bar No. 215639) HELLER EHRMAN LLP 275 Middlefield Road Menlo Park, California 94025 Telephone: (650) 324-7000 Facsimile: (650) 324-0638 Email: michael.charlson@hellerehrman.com chris.mitchell@hellerehrman.com Attorneys for Defendant Kevin Kalkhoven DEFS.' MTN. To EXCLUDE EXPERT TESTIMONY MASTER FILE No. C-02-1486 CW (EDL) sf-2375081 4:02-cv-01486-CW Document 1388 Filed 08/31/2007 Page 3 of 44 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. 9 10 11 3. 12 13 14 II. 15 A. 16 1. 17 a. 18 19 20 21 22 2 ...

2007930_r16t_021486

Stanford, JDSU 1023
Excerpt: ... s Master File No. C-02-1486 CW (EDL) DEFENDANTS' AMENDED NOTICE OF MOTION AND MOTION TO EXCLUDE TESTIMONY OF PLAINTIFFS' EXPERTS Date: Time: Ctrm: Before: October 9, 2007 2:00 P.M. 2, 4th Floor Hon. Claudia Wilken Trial Date: October 22, 2007 DEFS.' AMENDED MTN. TO EXCLUDE EXPERT TESTIMONY MASTER FILE NO. C-02-1486 CW (EDL) sf-2396736 Case 4:02-cv-01486-CW Document 1561 Filed 09/30/2007 Page 2 of 44 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 MICHAEL L. CHARLSON (Bar No. 122125) J. CHRISTOPHER MITCHELL (Bar No. 215639) HELLER EHRMAN LLP 275 Middlefield Road Menlo Park, California 94025 Telephone: (650) 324-7000 Facsimile: (650) 324-0638 Email: michael.charlson@hellerehrman.com chris.mitchell@hellerehrman.com Attorneys for Defendant Kevin Kalkhoven DEFS.' AMENDED MTN. TO EXCLUDE EXPERT TESTIMONY MASTER FILE NO. C-02-1486 CW (EDL) sf-2396736 Case 4:02-cv-01486-CW Document 1561 Filed 09/30/2007 Page 3 of 44 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. 9 10 11 3. 12 13 14 II. 15 A. 16 1. 17 a ...

Tarasoff extended

UNC Wilmington, BLA 361
Excerpt: ... JUDICIALNOTEBOOK Tarasoffreconsidered TheTarasoffrulehasbeenextendedtoincludethreatsdisclosedbyfamilymembers. CHARLESPATRICKEWING,JD,PHD StateUniversityofNewYorkatBuffalo Printversion:page112 Fornearlythreedecades,theTarasoffrulehasbeencontroversia ...

Week 3 Solutions

Keller Graduate School of Management, AC 574
Excerpt: ... as an expert witness? Solution: How an individual can qualify as an expert witness varies depending on whether the litigation is in federal or state courts. The federal courts and many states have adopted the Daubert standard. Some states follow the older Frye standard. And other states have their own standard (e.g., North Carolina balances relevancy or materiality against prejudicial effect). The following Internet sites keep track of the states: http:/faculty.ncwc.edu/toconnor/daubert.htm, and http:/www.effinggham.net/michael/ dbtp.html. Exercise 8-25 Question: What is an expert report? What should the report contain? Solution: Witnesses retained or specially employed to provide expert testimony or whose duties as an employee of a party to litigation regularly involve giving expert testimony , must prepare and sign a written report (referred to as an expert report). A well-written report can be a vital tool in litigation. Such a report helps experts collect their thoughts and express them in a clear and c ...

writingacompellingprob

Wisconsin, ENGR 397
Excerpt: ... EPD 397 McGlamery Writing a Compelling Problem Statement 1. Favor specific evidence over general statements. 2. Appeal to your audiences' value systems. Frame your problem/opportunity within multiple value systems by appealing to gains in such areas as Money, Health, Safety, Security, Environmental/Species Protection, Efficiency, Productivity, and Quality of Life. 3. Use evidence and reasons your audience understands and finds compelling: a. Incontrovertible facts b. Examples and case studies c. Expert testimony d. Statistics (including estimates) i. Consider making comparisons ii. Consider doing some math e. Analogies 4. Make the problem or opportunity seem as big and pressing as possible. Trace out ramifications: a. Immediate and long-term effects, b. Spin-offs, c. Affected groups. 5. Think globally and locally: a. Describe big-picture impact, b. Make impact personal for audiences. 6. Anticipate and acknowledge objections: a. Not important enough, b. Not feasible. 7. Make strategic concessions. 8. Avoid ove ...

Exam 3 Review

FIU, SOP 4842
Excerpt: ... Exam 3 Review Sheet Exam 3 consists of 40 multiple choice questions which cover chapters 8, 9, and 11 from the text book and class lectures from February 18 th through March 3rd. Get to class on time on exam day and, as always, remember to bring a pencil! Chapter 8 Competency What is the legal standard? Components of competence Raising the issue who raises the issue and when? What other competencies exist besides competency to stand trial? Results of evaluations Insanity Various definitions (e.g., M'Naghten, Durham) Defendant characteristics Consequences of NGRI verdict GBMI What is conditional release? Chapter 9 Expert testimony Judge's role in admitting evidence Concerns about this type of evidence Psychological damages Torts what are they? Damages compensatory & punitive Assessment what are the different components of a forensic assessment? Workers Compensation Mental disability claims distinguish between the different types Injury claims how frequent are they and why Faking how to detect it ...

springschedule09

UH Clear Lake, SCE 4931
Excerpt: ... Tentative Course Schedule Spring 2009 CSCI 4931.04: Computer Forensics Wednesday 1:00p.m. 3:50 p.m. Delta 241 Week Date Topic Introduction to Digital Investigation Foundations Write Blockers and Hashing Volume Analysis Partitions File System Analysis FAT Concepts FAT Concepts NTFS Spring Break Chapters 14-15 UNIX ext2/ext3/ext4 Data Hiding Data Hiding Networking Issues Criminal Justice Issues Expert Testimony , Guest Lectures Project Presentation 1:00p.m. - 3:50p.m. Handouts Handouts Handouts Lab 10 Readings Lab 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Jan 21 Jan 28 Feb 4 Feb 11 Feb 18 Feb 25 Mar 4 Mar 11 Mar 18 Mar 25 Apr 1 Apr 8 Apr 15 Apr 22 Apr 29 May 6 Chapter 1and 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5-7 Chapter 8 Chapters 9-10 Chapters 9-10 Chapters 11-13 Free tools: Lab 1 Imaging and Hashing Wipe and restore Hex Lab 8 Lab 7 Lab 9 ...

lessonplan_critique

San Diego State, EDTEC 572
Excerpt: ... th so many of the clinical observations explicitly stated by experts, etc. I thought there could be more uncertainty built into the case study so that it more closely reflects what happens in a clinical setting. The goals state the students are supposed to go through stages from a more abstract discussion of what are the possible deficits in an individual with a traumatic brain injury to a specific plan of treatment for the case in question. By presenting a specific case with so much expert testimony at the outset, I did not feel that the students could meet the goals as stated to move from a broad comprehension of symptoms to an awareness of what the case required. It seemed that many of the conclusions they were to reach were hand fed to them. Media The use of video stored on CD-Rom is a good one, [describe in further details how the video was used] though I don't believe it is a substitute for an actual clinical experience. I wondered about the use of a fictitious case for learning purposes since it is ...

prep9M

Iowa State, SPCM 212
Excerpt: ... Sp Cm 212 Fundamentals of Public Speaking Preparation Outline Lecture 9M The Persuasive Speech: Answering the Audience's Questions: Developing Ethos, Logos and Pathos, using Testimony, Reasoning and Examples As a speaker attempting to persuade has the responsibility to answer all the audience's doubts and objections. Now you have a Policy topic, and have analyzed it to figure out the basic questions your audience is going to ask about the Problem that needs solving, the Plan you are proposing, and why you think it's Practical. Today we consider the next step in preparing to give a persuasive speech: figuring out the answers that will satisfy the audience's doubts and objections. We will look at: I. The three basic answers you can give in reply to your audience's questions: Ethos, Logos and Pathos. II. Three basic methods for developing these answers: Expert testimony , Statistics, and Examples. I. To answer your audience's reasonable doubts and objections, you can ask them to rely on your logos, your ethos, an ...

Phl247Lecture11

Toledo, PHL 247
Excerpt: ... ong as they are small and helpless. So they are committed to allowing the murder of any weak child. This is obviously immoral, so abortion is wrong" Rather than criticize a real opponent, the critic here creates a straw man, with a distorted version of the opponent's position, which is much easier to knock down. Fallacies of Authority Appeal to expert testimony is often perfectly appropriate there is nothing wrong with citing a biology textbook when making claims about genetics, for example. But it is possible to rely too much on authorities, or to rely on the wrong authorities. These are fallacies of authority: Appeals to Invincible Authority Appeal to Unidentified Authority Appeal to Irrelevant Authority Conflict of Interest 3 Appeal to Invincible Authority "I know all the pictures and statistics make it look like everything is falling apart, but the President says everything is going according to plan, so it must be OK." Here the authority is being respected long after it should be cl ...

TCCh8

ASU, COMP 301
Excerpt: ... statistics are generally more persuasive than commonsense arguments. Illustrations or examples make the abstract more concrete and allow the reader to connect with abstract concepts. Expert testimony is more persuasive than layman testimony. Presenting yourself effectively. Connect with your reader by projecting these positive characteristics: Cooperativeness Moderation Fair-mindedness Modesty Understand political realities. Try for reasonable goals. Our author then provides a set of basic patterns of organizing arguments with examples (pg 198229): Chronological Spatial General to Specific More important to less important Comparison and Contrast Classification and Partition Problem-methods-solution Cause and Effect ...

ch06

Drexel, HCB 23
Excerpt: ... An argument can: Be as short as a sentence Be as long as a multivolume report Be an oral communication Discuss almost any kind of issue Chapter 6. Communicating Persuasively 2004 by Bedford/St. Martin's 1 To Craft a Persuasive Argument: Identify the elements of a persuasive argument. Use the right kinds of evidence. Consider opposing viewpoints. Decide where to present the claim. Chapter 6. Communicating Persuasively 2004 by Bedford/St. Martin's 2 Three Elements of a Persuasive Argument The claim is the conclusion you want your readers to accept. The evidence is the information you want your readers to consider. The reasoning is the logic you use to connect the evidence to your claim. Chapter 6. Communicating Persuasively 2004 by Bedford/St. Martin's 3 People Most Often React Favorably to Four Kinds of Evidence: "Commonsense" arguments Numerical data Examples Expert testimony Chapter 6. Communicating Persuasively 2004 by Bedford/St. Martin's 4 Tactics ...

chi square questions

UNC Wilmington, PSY 225
Excerpt: ... 1 Chi Square 1. The following data concerns the frequency of political party affiliation for male and female individuals. The following data was obtained: republican 18 39 democrat 43 23 other 14 18 male female Determine whether political affiliation is independent of gender by testing at .05 level of significance. 2. The following data concerns the verdicts of juries for an experiment concerning expert testimony either favorable to the accused, expert testimony unfavorable to the accused, or no expert testimony (control). The possible verdicts for the 90 juries are guilty, not guilty, or hung. Determine if verdict is independent of expert testimony . Test at alpha = .05. verdict not guilty 24 20 19 guilty favorable unfavorable control 7 12 11 hung 9 8 10 3. Suppose a poll taken in 1970 revealed the following data regarding the legalization of marijuana: 15% in favor of, 79% against, and 6% no opinion regarding legalization. Suppose you took a random sample of n = 220 people today and obtained the followi ...

speech midterm

Pepperdine, SPEECH 180
Excerpt: ... ernet documents Chapter 7 Ways of enhancing the effectiveness of your examples (tips for using examples) Clarify your ideas Reinforce your ideas Personalize your ideas Make examples vivid and richly textured Practice delivery to enhance your extended examples Understanding Statistics: measures, Mean o Average value of a group of numbers Median o Middle number in a group of numbers arranged form highest to lowest Mode o Number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers Be able to discuss how to use statistics effectively Quantify your ideas Use sparingly Identify source Explain statistics Round off complicated statistics Use visual aid to clarify trends When is using paraphrasing better then direct quotes Quotations are most effective when brief Paraphrasing is better when wording of is obscure or cumbersome and when quotation is longer than two or three sentences long Important terms to understand: representative, expert testimony Representative o Expert testimony o Testimony from people who are ...

brochure

Wilfrid Laurier, PDS 145
Excerpt: ... ears he has been part of the expert testimony team for: tax defense for the real-option valuation of US Satellite Broadcasting, three Winstar cases, Independent Distribution Consultants for a multi-million dollar stale trading case, the (until then) largest non-profit bankruptcy in the United States. He currently provides valuation and investment advice for a private equity fund with deals exceeding 20m euros. He received the Commerce Undergraduate Society Award for Outstanding Teaching & Learning for 2004. Wayne Irvine, BComm, CA, CFA, is a member of the accounting area at the Haskayne School of Business. Prior to this appointment, he worked for twelve years at Price Waterhouse, and was also an instructor at Mount Royal College. Mr. Irvine has many years of experience teaching professional development courses and has taught in CFA review seminars in Calgary, Toronto, Vancouver and Ottawa for fourteen years. He has also instructed preparatory classes for CMA students, CA students, and has served on education ...

PSYC465finalstudyguide

Coastal Carolina University, WW 465
Excerpt: ... if it is defined by and diagnosed in accordance with the DSM-IV-R, differ legally from these other two statuses, and should persons with verifiable cases of mental illness at the time of their crimes be protected from execution in the US? 3. The admissibility of expert testimony in many nations is based in some way on the "common knowledge rule." Explain what this is in general terms, and then choose two nations to discuss their versions of the "common knowledge rule" and how this impacts the testimony psychologists (forensic and otherwise) might give in the courtroom. Be sure to cite each nation's relevant case law and the implications this has for psychologists positively impacting the trial process. Compare and contrast the relative strengths and weaknesses of the Supreme Court decisions in Frye v. United States, 54 App. D. C. 46, 293 F. 1013 (1923) and Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, 509 U.S. 579 (1993) as providing standards for determining an expert's qualifications to testify in court. (NOTE: T ...