UCF, BSC 1005

Excerpt: ... Lecture 19. Memory and mental disorders February 27, 2008 See Chapter 12 & 13 in Cheung, Fundamental Concepts in Biology Outline Mechanisms of memory The hippocampus and short-term memory Different types of long-term memory The role of the frontal lobe Treatment of mental illnesses Manic depression and its relationship to creativity Physiological mechanisms of memory How memories are formed Eric Kandel Nobel Prize (2000) Worked with Aplysia (sea hare) - mollusk Memory storage synapse modification Long-term potentiation (LTP) Short term memory hippocampus Altered electrical properties (ion channels) Changes in existing proteins Long term memory cerebrum Altered number of neurons Synthesis of new proteins Information stored in `pieces' Types of memory Procedural memory Learned motor skills Explicit Memory Semantic memory: Abstract knowledge Episodic memory: Personal memories Tricks to improving explicit memory Mnemonic aids Spati ...

UCSB, PSYCH 1

Excerpt: ... 11/27/2007 Pysch Lecture Problem Solving (cont) - planning requires frontal lobe s in humans - animals w/o frontal lobe s can still solve problems -algortithms -procedure that guarantees a soln if there is one -tower of Hanoi/Benares-discs -heuristics -does not guarantee a soln -availablility -representativeness -anchoring -risk aversion (gain) -risk seeking (loss) -Reasoning is in the Representation All men are mortal Socrates is a man Socrates is mortal Reasoning -judgements of other peoples rationality depend on their conclusions -their conclusions depend on their representation of the problem ...

Berkeley, MCB 57703

Excerpt: ... MCB3208CHAPTER8LECTURENOTES CENTRALNERVOUSSYSTEM Introduction:Developmentandgeneralanatomy Developmentofthenervoussystemoccursasanepithelialsurfaceinvolutesforminga tube.Thistubethengrowssuchthattheinsidebecomesfilledwithfluidwhiletheoutside cellsdev ...

UConn, PSYCH 132

Excerpt: ... Broca's area is a region of frontal lobe of the neocortex associated with Ans. Speech production The medulla and pons are Ans structures in he hindbrain regulating heart rate and breathing Case studies and survey research are examples of Ans descriptive methodology Compared to other primates, the proportional size of which brain structure has increased the most in humans? Ans. frontal cortex ...

BU, PS 333

Excerpt: ... one of these structures may cause the impairment that is characteristic of dysfunction of the episodic memory system (Fig. 1). Ribots law, which states that events just before an ictus are most vulnerable to dissolution, whereas remote memories are most resistant The frontal lobe s are involved in the registration, acquisition, or encoding of information; the retrieval of information without contextual and other cues; the recollection of the source of information; and the assessment of the temporal sequence and recency of events. Studies have also shown that the left medial temporal and left frontal lobe s are most active when a person is learning words, whereas the right medial temporal and right frontal lobe s are most active when learning visual scenes. Dysfunction of the frontal lobe s may cause distortions of episodic memory as well as false memories, such as information that is associated with the wrong context Semantic Evidence that this memory system is different from episodic mem ...

UPenn, CSE 140

Excerpt: ... Functional Anatomy of the Brain Outline Historical perceptive Examples from language processing Overview of Brain Anatomy Cerebral Cortex sensory cortices motor cortex frontal lobe temporal lobe parietal lobe V, M, Richards, University of Pennsylvania 1 Touch on last lecture Jargon: V1, V2, etc. V stands for visual area V1 is also known as Striate Cortex So, Extrastriate projections are projections from V1 to V2, V3, etc. V, M, Richards, University of Pennsylvania 2 As for animal studies. There are (roughly) four methods used to examine functional organization of the human brain: Lesion (stroke) Stimulation (during surgery) Recording (imaging methods: fMRI, PET) Behavioral Behavioral studies ties with other methods provide opportunity to examine functional significance of brain regions. V, M, Richards, University of Pennsylvania 3 Historical Perspective Franz Joseph Gall (~1800) Gall was concerned with link bet ...

University of Toronto, PSYCH 100

Excerpt: ... brain, but like the original holists argued, it is a function of the brain as a totality (or more accurately, as a web of interconnected subsystems) The brain Cerebral cortex (thought, planning) 4 macro regions: Occipital loves: vision, primary visual cortex Note the functioning of the neural spatial map: ie. Images from the retina are ,projected onto the visual cortex, such that the relationship between visual features is spatially analogous to the relationship between neurons in the visual cortex. Parietal lobes: touch and space Somatosensory homunculus Note how specialized we are for touch in certain parts of the body. (a lot more in the hands than in the back) Temoral Lobes: primary auditory cortex Basic hearing, plus higher-level meaning costruction of sounds (language) Fusiform face area Frontal lobe s: What makes us human? The frontal lobe s Responsible for much of our "higher cognition" (and primary motor cortex) Especially, the prefrontal cortex (basically, the The pre-frontal cortex (PFC) 2 main func ...

UGA, PSYC 1101

Excerpt: ... nctions of cerebral cortex: flexible control of patterns of movement subtle discrimination among complex sensory patterns symbolic thinking Cerebral Cortex Functions of cerebral cortex: flexible control of patterns of movement subtle discrimination among complex sensory patterns symbolic thinking foundation of human thought and language Cerebral Cortex Functional organization of cortex: Primary areas Association areas The Cortical Lobes of the Human Brain Organization of Sensory and Motor Cortex Organization of Sensory and Motor Cortex Organization of Sensory and Motor Cortex Frontal Lobe Damage Frontal Lobe Damage Frontal lobe s - involved in movement, attention, planning, memory, and personality Frontal Lobe Damage Frontal lobe s - involved in movement, attention, planning, memory, and personality case of Phineas Gage - role of frontal lobe s in personality Frontal Lobe Damage Frontal lobe s - involved in movement, ...

Michigan State University, PSY 101

Excerpt: ... Psy101 Lecture 4 Notes 9-6-07 Neuroscience: Biology and Behavior Part 2 Hippocampus Stores short term things in the brain which leads to you remembering it long term. Hypothalamus Neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus; directs several maintanance Controls aggression (on cats/bulls) The Cerebral Cortex The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres The bodys ultimate control and information processing center o Frontal lobe o Parietal lobe o Occipital lobe o Temporal lobe Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex Frontal Lobe s Involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments. Damaged frontal lobe , unable to be patient, cannot think ahead Parietal lobes Include the sensory cortex Occipital lobes Include the visual areas, which recive visual information from the opposite visual field Temporal lobes (behind ear) Include the auditory areas. Functions of the Cerebral Cortex Motor Cortex Area at the rear of t ...

LSU, PSYCH 2000

Excerpt: ... of neurons that are responsible for screening incoming information and arousing the cortex. The cerebellum is responsible for maintaining smooth movement and balance. The thalamus lies at the top of the brain stem and serves as the major sensory relay center for the brain. The hypothalamus regulates emotions, body temperature, basic drives, such as, hunger, thirst, sex, and aggression. The hypothalamus influences the pituitary gland, which is considered the master endocrine gland. Additional structures in this area form an interconnected group known as the limbic system, which involves arousal and the regulation of emotion, motivation, and memory. The Cerebral Cortex Above the lower-level brain structures lay the two cerebral hemispheres, called the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex, the outside surface of the brain, is divided into four lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal. The frontal lobe s control voluntary movement and speech. The frontal lobe s are also involved with self-awareness, the ...

UPenn, PSYC 149

Excerpt: ... n the target word is congruent with the preceding context (e.g., `pancakes'). This component is useful for studying language and the brain because it provides a measure of semantic processing, in particular it opens a window onto the time course of contextual integration during sentence comprehension. Broca's aphasics show a decreased N400 for semantically anomalous targets providing evidence that Broca's aphasia is a result of a processing deficit, in particular a deficit in contextual integration. Frontal Lobe s 3. What is meant by the phrase "environmental control of behavior"? What are clinical symptoms a frontal patient might experience that fit this description? Describe behavioral and ERP evidence linking frontal lobe damage to environmental control of behavior. Environmental control of behavior (stimulus driven behavior) means that one's behavior is under the control of one's immediate environment rather than being directed by one's goals and or one's sense about what types of behaviors are appropri ...

Texas, BIO 365R

Excerpt: ... tion of motion) - general principles motor plans are distributed over large populations of neurons in multiple areas redundancy in representation - cerebral cortex thin layer of neurons that cover cerebral hemisphere cortex Greek word "bark" enlarged dramatically during evolution foldings allow for high surface area for a limited size structure/organization use massive folds at level of cortex (solci) to distinguish between lobes ridges between solci gyrus central sulcus middle of brain, 3 central gyrus (primary motor cortex) postcentral gyrus somatosensory cortex parietooccipital sulcus (notch) border between parietal and occipital lobe lateral fissure border between frontal lobe and temporal lobe preoccipital notch defines borders between occipital lobe and temporal lobe separate at lateral fissure insula (various autonomic control) longitudinal fissure frontal lobe parietal lobe temporal lobe - occipital lobe where visual cortex is located, calcarine sulcus (whe ...