SUNY Buffalo, PSY 343

Excerpt: ... n Neural Activity Positron Emission Tomography (PET) How PET works Inject a person with a positron-emitting radioactive chemical that is taken up by the brain Metabolically active parts of the brain will take up more of the radioactive chemical The chemical naturally emits positrons Positrons emitted from the brain can be detected to measure brain activity Image: www.alzheimers.org/unraveling/07.htm Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) How fMRI works Studying Perception Neural Activity Hydrogen nuclei possess a fundamental property called "spin" When the brain is placed in a magnetic field, the spin of hydrogen atoms lines up with the field If a radio wave is sent in, the wave temporarily disturbs this alignment As the atoms return to their original state, they produce their own radio waves, which can be measured Here's a site on the web that explains fMRI in more detail http:/www.neuroguide.com/gregg.html Functional Magnetic Resonance Imag ...

Minnesota, PSY 1001

Excerpt: ... Brain in a Vat: How Does Biology Influence Behavior? Continued 6/19/06 Continued lecture from notes from last Wednesday Techniques for Studying the Brain Non-Invasive CAT Scans MRI PET Scans and SPECT Scans Electrical Activity MEG Invasive Brain Lesions Brain Stimulation Brain Cell Activity CAT Scans: Computer Imaging of the Brain Computerized axial tomography MRI: Details of Brain Structure Magnetic resonance imaging Creates very detailed images of brain PET Scans and SPECT Scans: The Brain in Action Positron emission tomography scan Injection PET Scans and SPECT Scans: The Brain in Action (continued) Single photon emission computerized tomography scan Injection Functional MRI: More Detail, No Isotopes Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) Advantages over PET scan Angiograms Enhanced X-rays Dye injected Measuring the Electrical Activity of the Brain Electroencephalograms (EEG) and evoked response potentials (ERPs) ...

UCSB, PSYCH 003

Excerpt: ... Psychology 3 The Biological Basis of Psychology Lecture 10 Cognitive Neuroscience Linking the Mind & the Brain Paul Broca (1824-1880) Brain Localization: The concept that specic brain regions are responsible for various types of experience, behavior, and psychological processes. Patient Tan Brocas Area Linking the Mind & the Brain Phineas Gage Phrenology Sir Francis Galton Linking the Mind & the Brain Linking the Mind & the Brain Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience Patient Studies Neuroimaging Studies Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Electrophysiological Studies Single-cell recordings Intracranial Electrode Recordings Event-Related Potential Recordings (ERP) Patient Studies Lesions, surgery, or focal injury Diseases & developmental disorders Special cases Brocas aphasics Alzheimers Patients Split-Brain Patients Patient Studies Case studies:the effect of the damage on cognition is observed in a single patient. Group studies:the ...

Dickinson State, PSY 486

Excerpt: ... gnetoencephalographic signals (MEG) (Part 1) Figure 3.8 Magnetoencephalographic signals (MEG) (Part 2) Figure 3.8 Magnetoencephalographic signals (MEG) (Part 3) Figure 3.9 Positron emission tomography (PET) Figure 3.10 Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) Figure 3.10 Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) (Part 1) Figure 3.10 Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) (Part 2) Figure 3.10 Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) (Part 3) Figure 3.11 Experimental designs in PET and fMRI studies Figure 3.11 Experimental designs in PET and fMRI studies (Part 1) Figure 3.11 Experimental designs in PET and fMRI studies (Part 2) Figure 3.11 Experimental designs in PET and fMRI studies (Part 3) Figure 3.11 Experimental designs in PET and fMRI studies (Part 4) Figure 3.12 Event-related fMRI responses Figure 3.12 Event-related fMRI responses (Part 1) Figure 3.12 Event-related fMRI responses (Part 2) Figure 3.13 Associations, dissociations, and double dissociations ...

Wisconsin, PSY 101

Excerpt: ... Chapter 2 Terms Case Study- method; involves intensive examination of one person Central tendency- a measure; represents typical behavior of a group as a whole Confound- anything that affects a dependent variable that may unintentionally vary b/t the different experimental conditions of a study Correlation- statistical procedure; b/t +1 and -1 that indicates the strength/direction of the relation b/t 2 variables Correlational study- method; how variables are naturally related to the real world, w/o any attempt by the researcher to alter them Dependent variable- the measure that is affected by manipulation of ind. variable Descriptive study- method; observing/noting behavior of ppl/animals in order to provide a systematic & objective analysis of behavior Electrophysiology- method; data collection, measures electrical activity in the brain Experimenter expectancy effect- actual change in behavior of ppl/animals due to observer bias Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)- imaging technique; to examine cha ...

Purdue, IIE 366

Excerpt: ... Prof. Greg Francis 6/17/08 Focus on physical growth IIE 366: Developmental Psychology Greg Francis Lecture 10 I. Physical Attractiveness A. Who Is? Who Isn't? How Do We Decide? B. How Does Attractiveness Affect A Child's Development? II. Lack of Sleep A. Studies of extreme sleep deprivation B. Studies of early school start C. A more realistic study: Sadeh et al. (2003) III. Studying Brain Function A. Electroencephalography (EEG) B. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) I. Physical Attractiveness A. Who is? Who Isn't? How Do We Decide? B. How Does Attractiveness Affect A Child's Development? True or false: Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. True or false: Beauty is only skin deep. Answers: Both false. 1 Prof. Greg Francis 6/17/08 Who Is Attractive? Why? Some ideas: Youthfulness, symmetry More recent evidence: "Average" Is "beauty in the eye of the beholder"? No. Facial beauty Average faces are almost always beautiful Facial beauty Facial beauty Average faces are almost always b ...

Virgin Islands, PSYC 100

Excerpt: ... udying the Brain Electroencephalograph (EEG) Humans: Techniques for Studying the Brain Computerized tomography (CT or CAT scan) Techniques for Studying the Brain Position emission tomography (PET) 5 Techniques for Studying the Brain Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Techniques for Studying the Brain Functional Magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) 6 ...

Sanford-Brown Institute, CG 0001

Excerpt: ... gument more convincing: Full (monkey) face: large response Blank out eyes or mouth: weaker response Scramble features randomly: very small response Change angle of face gradually: gradual fall-off of responses with increasing head-turn Human face: large response Using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Subject view faces for a while, then pictures of objects One area becomes more active during faceviewing; another area becomes more active during object-viewing Faces vs. Objects (human fMRI) 8. Face recognition is special There are several pieces of evidence that suggest that face recognition might be special: Infants show a tendency to track moving faces, at just 30 minutes old Face agnosia without object agnosia; object agnosia without face agnosia Human fMRI result of objects vs. faces Inversion effect: Normal subjects are better at recognizing upright rather than inverted faces Inverted inversion effect: Prosopagnosics are better at recognizing inverted rather than ...

Idaho, PSYC 444

Excerpt: ... vironment represented by activity in the nervous system? A psychophysical question: How is perception (i.e., our conscious experience) related to properties of stimuli in the environment? A cognitive question: How does our previous experience or knowledge influence perception? Each of these questions requires different research methodologies to answer 4 Psyc 444 Sensation and Perception Psyc 444 Sensation and Perception Physiological Methods Goal: relate brain activity to stimulus properties (not necessarily concerned with perceptual experience) Primary Methods Lesions (transcranial magnetic brain stimulation) Single-neuron (micro) electrical recordings EEG (electroencephalogram) electrical recordings Functional brain imaging and scanning Physiological Foundations: Neurons The structure of neurons Dendrites Cell Body Axon Myelin Sheath Axon Terminal Branches Axon Terminal Buttons 6 fMRI: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging PET: Positron Emission Tomography 5 1 ...

Arizona, PSYC 101

Excerpt: ... 3/6/2008 2:15:00 PM CT (computer tomography) also called cat scan: series of x-rays that portray structure of brain. (cat scan). PET Scan (positron emission tomography): radioactive glucose is picked up by PET scanner to portray activity. (function of the brain rather than structure) MRI Scan (magnetic resonance imaging): uses magnetic energy to produce images of structures of the brain. fMRI ( functional magnetic resonance imaging ): uses many MRI images taken quickly in time to map brain function. Biological Psychology: studies links between biology and behavior (subfield of neuroscience). Anatomy of a neuron: Dendrites: receives signal (receives neurotransmitters) Cell body: provides life support for cell. Axon: extension of neuron ending in the axon terminals. Axon terminal: (sends neurotransmitters) to next neuron. How neurons communicate: 1. Dendrites receive neurotransmitters (positive or negative) 2. 3. 4. 5. Cell body "counts" negative and positive signals If there are enough positive signals- "fires" ...

Tufts, PSY 001

Excerpt: ... ure of central tendency that is the value in a set of numbers that falls exactly in the halfway point between the lowest and highest values. A measure of central tendency that is the most frequent score or value in a set of numbers. A passive descriptive study in which observers do not change or alter ongoing behavior. A research method of careful and systematic assessment and coding of overt behavior. correlation data dependent variable descriptive study electrophysiology experiment experimenter expectancy effect functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) hypothesis independent variable inferential statistics informed consent Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) mean median mode naturalistic observation observational technique observer bias operational definition participant observation positron emission tomography (PET) psychophysiological assessment random assignment reaction time reactivity reliability replication research response performance self-repor ...

UCSD, COGS 101

Excerpt: ... ur studying: Common Themes Across Four Visual Domains 1. For each of the four visual domains covered (i.e., object recognition, color perception, size & depth perception, and motion perception), you should be able to explain why they are hard problems. 2. You should also be able to explain some of the mechanisms the visual system uses to solve these hard problems. 3. You should be able to give examples of how different visual domains help one another (e.g., how motion perception helps size & depth perception). 4. You should know some of the specialized parts of the brain involved in processing each visual domain (e.g., cortical area MT for motion). Methods For each method you should know what kind of questions theyre good for answering and how to apply them to new problems. Memorizing one example application of each method should help with this. 1. Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) 2. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) 3. Positron emission tomography (PET) 4. Microstimulation 5. Lesioning 6. Visu ...