SUNY Albany, PAD 637

Excerpt: ... "New Directions in the Study of Community Elites" Laumann & Pappi The study gauges the influence and status of members of a small Germany community. The study shows the data along two axis: Integrative Centrality Sector Differentiation "New Directions in the Study of Community Elites" Laumann & Pappi Integrative Centrality: persons playing key coordinating roles in a given structure will tend to be located in the central region of their space. Those on the periphery are of declining importance. Sector Differentiation: dividing of the space into relatively homogeneous regions; radiating from the center including personnel who typically occupy key positions in the same institutional sector or share common concerns. "The effect of Spatial Arrangement on Judgments and Errors in Interpreting Graphs." McGrath, et al. Factors Influencing Perception of Graphical Images: 1. Proximity to the center of spatial arrangement impacts perception of prominence. Positioning between clusters of nodes in spatial ...

LSU, BIOL 1201

Excerpt: ... onds, rings (see Fig. 4.5) Isomers Same molecular formula, different structures and properties (see Fig. 4.7) Structural isomers variation in covalent partners Geometric isomers different arrangements about double bonds Enantiomers variation in spatial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon (mirror images). Enantiomers cannot be superimposed Example: Thalidomide (C13H10N2O4) a drug, mixture of enantiomers Used as a sedative for pregnant mothers (prevents nausea) in 1958 to late 1960 One enantiomer produces major birth effects (5,000-10,000 babies) Drug may have future for treatment of leprosy, HIV-related disorders Carbon Compounds - Functional Groups Molecular parts involved in chemical reactions (see Fig. 4.10) Hydroxyl Carbonyl Carboxyl Amino Sulfhydryl Phosphate QUESTIONS 1. What are three reasons that pH regulation is important for biological systems? What is acid rain and what causes it? What is a consequence of acid rain? 2. How is organic chemistry defined? What are three import ...

Purdue, CHEM 115

Excerpt: ... amine carboxylic acid Proteins consist of amino acids. CPS Question #3 Physiological Form of Amino Acids At physiological pH inside the cell, the amino acids exist in their ionized form. This is referred to as a zwitterion, having two opposite charges on the same molecule. Amino Acids: Non-polar Side Chains Amino Acids: Polar Side-chains acidic Ionic Side Chains basic CPS Question #4 Peptide Bonds Amino acids link together through a "peptide bond" Two amino acids dipeptide Many amino acids polypeptide Proteins Can range in size from about 50 to several thousand amino acids. Can have one or several separate polypeptide chains held together. Amino acid sequence determines shape and function Structure of Proteins Primary: _ Structure of Proteins Primary: sequence of amino acids _: spatial arrangement of the polypeptide into shapes such as sheets or helices Structure of Proteins Primary: sequence o ...

Fayetteville State University, BSC 2010

Excerpt: ... mpounds In addition, diversity can be accomplished by the existence of isomers (isomer = compounds which have the same molecular formula but differ in structure and properties). Fig. 4.6- isomers. Structural isomers- differ in covalent relationship of atoms Geometric isomers- all have the same covalent partnerships but differ in their spatial arrangement s around a double bond. Enantiomers- compounds that are mirror images of each other; enantiomers have an asymmetric carbon ( a carbon that is attached to four different groups of atoms); have right (D) and left (L) handed forms which often differ dramatically in terms of biological activity (L-amino acids are incorporated into proteins; D-amino acids typically are not). Functional groups- the diversity and function of organic molecules is a lso determined by the nature of the functional groups attached to the carbon backbone. We will discuss six rather common functional groups: 1 TABLE 4.1 (1) hydroxyl- slightly polar functional group when attached to organ ...

UCSD, CHEM 6c

Excerpt: ... Review Coordination Chemistry: Complex Complex Ion Ligands Coordination Number Coordination Compound Naming Compounds Preview Isomers Crystal Field Model (and its applications) Isomers Two or more species with the same formula but different properties Structural Isomers Isomers with the same atoms, but different bonds Stereoisomers Isomers with the same bonds, but different spatial arrangement s Isomers (Same formula but different properties) Structural Isomers (different bonds) Stereoisomers (same bonds, but different spatial arrangement s) Examples of structural isomers: Coordination Isomer The composition of a complex ion varies Example: [Cr(NH3)5SO4]Br [Cr(NH3)5Br]SO4 Examples of structural isomers: Linkage Isomer The composition of the complex ion is the same, but the point of attachment of at least one of the ligands differs Examples: Thiocyanate (SCN-) Nitrite Ion (NO2-) Both can bond to the metal through two different atoms with lone pairs An example of a linkage isomer: [Co(NH3)4(NO2)Cl] ...

UGA, BIOL 1107

Excerpt: ... ve. * Know simple molarity problems* Acid increases H ion conc. of a soln. * Know pH and finding concentration problems * pH = - log [H+] As concentration of H increase, pH decreases. Chapter 4 Notes Carbon is important as it shares 4 electrons, forms a tetrahedral, bonds to almost everything Covalent bonds o, n, h are all important atoms Hydrocarbons = hydrogen and carbon basically fats Isomers = same number of atoms of same elements but different structures and properties. Structural they differ in covalent arrangement of atoms constitutional Bigger the C skeleton the more isomers it has Geometric differ in spatial arrangement s i.e cis and trans Enantiomers molecules that are mirror images of each other Asymmetric carbon is attached to four different groups Functional groups hydroxyl,carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate groups and sulfhydryl, all hydrophilic like water. OH froms alcolhols, polar, attracts water Carbonyl carbon with double bond to O 2 types are aldehydes and ...

East Los Angeles College, PORT 281

Excerpt: ... ectival views The manipulating of interior an exterior spaces, through spatial arrangement the use of illusory space through painting techniques, perspective, trempe loeil. Theatre internal space with the illusion of the outside. Games of perspectival space taken from paining to 3 dimensional stage set. `play on interior and exterior. Ref Villa Emo, Teatro Olimpico, Further reading Italian Villas and Gardens Ree Smienk and Steenbergen The Perfect House Witold Rybczyuski Palladio James Ackerman Architecture and Landscape Steenbergen and Reh ...

Baylor, BIO 1305

Excerpt: ... Chapter 3 Functional groups-little compounds with chem. Configuration, behave as an element even though they are compounds "-ane" = hydrocarbons hydrocarbons exist in isomers (a) structural isomers: variation in covalent arrangement (b) geometric isomers: variation in arrangement around a double bond (c) stereoisomers: variation in spatial arrangement around in asymmetric carbon, resulting in molecules that are mirror images like left and right hands. Stereoisomers cannot be superimposed on each other. (optical) ^ isomers-same chem. Formula, different arrangement of neutrons macromolecules: carbohydrates- sugars, starch, etc. lipids-fats/oils proteinsnucleic acids-DNA/RNA carbohydrates-made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen ratio: 1 carbon to 1 water (H2O) CH2O Simple and complex sugars (form starches) Characteristics of sugars: 1. an OH group is attatched to each carbon except one, which is double bonded to an oxygen (carbonyl) aldehyde: terminal carbon forms a double bond with oxygen ketone: carbonyl group i ...

S.F. State, BIOL 170

Excerpt: ... FIELD TRIP 1: AO NUEVO STATE RESERVE Name: Date: Documentation: (if you did not attend the field trip with us on 02/24/04) During our visit, take note of what we observe during our hike. Based on what we should see on this fieldtrip, here are some questions that you should answer and return to Al Uy (no later than two weeks after the field trip March 9, 2004). 1. Observe the distribution of female elephant seals along the beach. How are females spatially distributed? How do you think this contributes to the evolution of this species' mating system? 2. What do you think are the benefits of this female spatial arrangement ? What are the potential costs? 3. Based on the aggressive interactions among male elephant seals, what do you think makes a successful male? How do you think this influences the evolution of male versus female morphology (physical and behavioral attributes)? 4. How do you think mating and reproduction are distributed among individuals (e.g., who gets to mate and reproduce)? Think of the propo ...

UCSD, EDS 115

Excerpt: ... Tallal (2004) Terminology Phonology: the sound system of a given language, also known as the grammar of sound usage Semantics: the study of meaning in language, typically associated with vocabulary, lexicon, etc. Syntax: the rules of a language that dictate how words of a sentence can be organized in a meaningful way Phonemic Awareness (aka Phonological awareness): the capacity to blend, segment, rhyme, or in other ways manipulate the sounds of spoken (and written) words Phonemes: individual sounds in a language Formant: a peak in the frequency spectrum of sound caused by acoustic resonance (in speech, this refers to sound produced by the vocal tract). Formants are seen clearly in spectograms, where the stronger the sound is (i.e., the louder it is), the darker it is. Formants occur around frequencies that correspond to the resonances of the vocal tract. Tonotopic: spatial arrangement of where sound is perceived, transmitted, or received. Tones that are close to each other in terms of frequency are represente ...

Tarrant County, SCI 1406

Excerpt: ... Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Organic compound-compound containing carbon Contain hydrogen and carbon Small to large Inorganic compound-compound not containing carbon Organic Chemistry-study of carbon compounds Carbon Found Everywhere Other Structures Other structures Other structures Carbon Electron Configuration Some carbon molecules Figure 4.2x Shapes of Molecules Double bond Carbon Chains form Carbon Skeletons Figure 4.4 Variations in carbon skeletons Other molecules with Carbon Chains Energy from Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons-many single bonds Breakage of bond=>release large amts. of energy Isomers Molecules with same number of atoms (of same elements) but different structures=>different properties Types of Isomers Structural differ in how atoms are covalently arranged Geometric same covalent arrangement Different spatial arrangement Enantiomers Molecules are mirror images of each other Figure 4.7 Three types of isomers Geometric Isomer vs. Structural Isomer Enan ...

Laurentian, BCHM 200801

Excerpt: ... Tertiary Structure Spatial arrangement of secondary structures and side chains in a polypeptide Polypeptide backbone adopts one (or very few) conformation or overall fold ~50% of the residues are in secondary structures (-helix or -sheet) ~50% adopt irregular connecting structures Flavodoxin tertiary structure: Left Backbone in heavy lines, side chains in light Right Backbone as cartoon; helix = ribbon, sheet = arrow, connections as coils Lecture 6 Biochemistry 2000 Slide 1 Domains in Tertiary Structures Tertiary structure of polypeptides larger than 200 residues are generally composed of 2 or more domains Domains are structurally independent units with the characteristics of small globular proteins Domains are typically between 100-200 residues in size and give large proteins a bi- or multilobal appearance Domains are normally connected by a single (or less commonly two) peptide segments Fold is spatial arrangement of secondary structures and side chain Biochemistry 2 ...