Unformatted text preview: Brain and Cranial
Nerves
HLTH128: Anatomy and
Physiology I Terminology Hemispheres
Gyrus (Gyri)
Sulcus (Sulci)
Longitudinal Fissure
Ventricles
– CSF Anatomy of the Brain Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
– Thalamus
– Hyothalamus Brain Stem
–
–
– Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
oblongata Cerebrum Anatomy
–
–
–
–
– Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Precentral gyrus
Postcentral gyrus Functions
–
–
–
– Sensory cortex
Motor cortex
Emotion
Intellectual
processes
– Auditory
– Visual
– Speech Cerebellum Anatomy
– Hemispheres Functions
– Compares
intended
movement with
what is actually
happening
– Smooth,
coordinated
movements
– Posture/balance Brain Stem Anatomy
– Medulla
oblongata
– Pons
– Midbrain Functions
– Medulla Relays motor and
sensory information
Regulates
heartbeat,
breathing and
blood vessel
dilation – Pons Control breathing Protective Coverings
(Meninges) Dura mater
Dense connective tissue Arachnoid
Nonvascular connective tissue Pia mater
Highly vascular
Covers surface of the brain and spinal cord and
invaginates along cortical surface to form
perivascular spaces Cerebral Spinal Fluid Formed in the choroid plexus
Reabsorbed into saggittal sinus
by arachnoid villi
Protects brain against concussive
trauma
removes waste products Foramen of Monro Cranial Nerves I: Olfactory
II: Optic
III: Oculomotor
IV: Trochlear
V: Trigeminal
VI: Abducens VII: Facial
VIII:Vestibulocochlear
– Acoustic IX: Glossopharyngeal
X: Vagus
XI: Accessory
XII: Hypoglossal
.htm Mnemonic On
Old
Olympus’
Tower
Top
A Fin
And
German
Viewed
A
Hop MNEMONIC OLFACTORY
OPTIC
OCULOMOTOR
TROCHLEAR
TRIGEMINAL
ABDUCENS
FACIAL
VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL
VAGUS
ACCESSORY
HYPOGLOSSAL OH
ONCE
ONE
TAKES
THE
ANATOMY
FINAL
VERY
GOOD
VACATION
A-HEAD CN I: OLFACTORY Cranial nerve I
Function:
– smell Clinical test for
damage:
– determine whether
a person can smell
something
aromatic CN II: OPTIC Cranial nerve II
Function:
– vision Clinical test for
damage:
– tests peripheral vision
and visual acuity Effects of damage:
– blindness in part or all
of the visual field CNIII: OCULOMOTOR Cranial nerve III
Function:
– eye movements, opening of
eyelid, constriction of pupil,
focusing, proprioception
Clinical tests for injury:
– differences in pupil size; pupillary
response to light; eye tracking
Effects of damage
– dropping eyelid, dilated pupil,
double vision CNIV: TROCHLEAR Cranial nerve IV
Function: eye movements
and proprioception
Clinical test for injury:
ability to rotate eye
inferolaterally
Effects of damage –
double vision, patient tilts
head toward affected
side CN V: TRIGEMINAL Cranial nerve V
Function: sensory nerve of
the face
Clinical test for injury:
– corneal reflex; sense of
touch, pain, and
temperature; clench
teeth; move mandible
side to side
Effects of damage:
– loss of sensation and
impaired chewing CN VI: ABDUCENS AND
CN VII: FACIAL Cranial Nerve VI
Function: Eye
movements
Clinical test: lateral
eye movement
Effects of damage:
inability to rotate eye
laterally; at rest – eye
rotates medially
because of action of
antagonistic muscles Cranial Nerve VII
Function: facial
expression; sense of
taste
Clinical test: motor
functions – close eyes,
smile, whistle, frown,
raise eyebrows; taste
Effects of damage:
inability to control facial
muscles; distorted
sense of taste CN VIII:
VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR Cranial Nerve VIII
Function: hearing and equilibrium
Clinical tests: test hearing, balance,
and ability to walk a straight line
Effects of damage: deafness,
dizziness, nausea, loss of balance,
and nystagmus CN IX:
GLOSSOPHARANGEAL
AND CN X: VAGUS
Cranial Nerve IX
Function: swallowing,
salivation, gagging;
touch, pressure, taste,
and pain sensations from
tongue, pharynx, and
outer ear
Clinical tests: gag reflex,
swallowing, and coughing
Effects of damage:
difficulty swallowing Cranial Nerve X
Function: swallowing;
taste; speech;
respiratory, CV, and GI
regulation; sensations of
hunger, fullness, and
intestinal discomfort
Clinical tests: test with
cranial nerve IX
Effects of damage:
hoarseness or loss of
voice; impaired
swallowing and GI
motility CN XI: ACCESSORY
AND
CN
XII:
HYPOGLOSSAL
Cranial Nerve XI
Cranial Nerve XII Function: swallowing;
head, neck, and shoulder
movements
Clinical tests: rotate head
and shrug shoulders
against resistance
Effects of damage:
impaired movement of
head, neck, and shoulders;
paralysis of
sternocleidomastoid Function: tongue
movements of speech,
food manipulation, and
swallowing
Clinical test: tongue
function
Effects of damage:
difficulty in speech and
swallowing; atrophy of
tongue; inability to stick
out (protrude) tongue ...
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