CHAPTER 13 – SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGYdiscipline that studies how we think about, influence, and relate toother people – three social problemsInterpreting the Behaviorof OthersBehaving in the Presence of OthersEstablishingRelations with OthersPerson perception– attractive (+ve characteristics) –Socialschemas(General knowledge structure in long-term memory,relating to social experiences or people, May be used to“categorize” others, guide how we treat them)Stereotypes –beliefs and impressions about a group/member –expect certain behavior –Self-fulfilling prophecy effect(Acondition in which our expectations about the actions of anotherperson actually lead that person to behave in the expected way)Prejudice– groups/members evaluated in -ve way –Explicitprejudicerefers to negative attitudes about a group that areconsciously endorsed –Implicit prejudicerefers to prejudicialthoughts that come to mind unintentionally and may not beconsciously recognized or controllable -Discriminationoccurswhen beliefs lead to directed behavior against group/membersAttribution Theory– we attribute behavior to one or anothercause – ATTRIBUTION (The inference processes people use toassign cause and effect to behavior) - These three factors—consistency, distinctiveness,and consensus—work together to help us form an attribution.–Consistency:Does the behavior always occurwith the event?–Distinctiveness: Does the behavior only occurwith the event?–Consensus:Do other people behave similarlywhen the event occurs?external attributionAttributing the cause of a person’s behaviorto an external event or situation in the environment –internalattributionAttributing the cause of a person’s behavior to aninternal personality trait or disposition.When consistency,distinctiveness, and consensus are high, we make an externalattributionWhen consistency is high, but distinctiveness andconsensus are low, we make an internal attributionfundamental attribution errorWhen people seek to interpretsomeone else’s behavior, they tend to overestimate the influence ofinternal personal factors and underestimate the role of situationalfactorsInKelley’s attribution model, whether an internal orexternal attribution will be made about a particular behaviordepends on consistency, distinctiveness, and consensusactor–observer effectThe overall tendency to attribute our own behaviorto external sources but to attribute the behavior of others to internalsources.self-serving biasThe tendency to make internalattributions about one’s own behavior when the outcome is positiveand to blame the situation when one’s behavior leads to something-veAttitudes – +ve or -ve evalution/ belief affect’s one’s behaviorCognitivecomponent knowledge about the objectAffectiveemotional feelingsBehavioralpredisposition to actFormedthrough experience and learning, including classical conditioning,instrumental conditioning, and observational learningElaboration likelihood model
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