Midterm #2 SG - Ch 4 Attribute Frequency Model o o o...

Midterm #2 SG
Ch. 4
• Attribute Frequency Model
o Suggests that a prototype represents the mode or most frequently experienced combination of
attributes
o Prototype is synonymous w/ the “best example” of a set of patterns
o Prototype is a pattern that incorporates the most frequently experienced features expressed in
a series of exemplars
• Bottom-up processing
 Recognition process initiated by parts of the pattern
 Serves as the basis for the recognition of the whole
• Canonic Perspective
o Views that “best” represent an object
o
Often the 1 st images that come to mind when asked to recall a form
o What we can learn from them
 Form perception
 Human info processing
 Prototype formation
 Economy of thinking
 Efficiency in communication
• Central-Tendency Model
o Proposed by prototype theory
o Prototype represents mean/average of a set of exemplars
• Chase & Simon
 1973
 Hypothesis
• Master player has more chess patterns stored & will be able to reconstruct
more of common chess game patterns than a Class A or beginning player
 Players shown game patterns that were either meaningful or random & had to
reconstruct the patterns
 Demonstrated that the ability to see chunks (meaningful clusters) made it possible for
better players to gather more info in the given time
 Important because:
• Chunks of info held together by abstract relationships may constitute the basis
for a theory of pattern syntax
• Constructive perception
o Form & test hypotheses

o Combine sensation & experience
o Unconscious inference
 Spontaneously integrate info from several sources
o Top-down view
• Direct perception
o Stimulus is most important element
o Stimulus contains enough information for correct perception
o Past knowledge is unnecessary
o Most closely associated w/ JJ Gibson
o Bottom-up processing
• Feature analysis
o pattern perception is a high-order processing of info that is preceded by a step in which
complex incoming stimuli are identified according to simpler features
 Ex: Arrow
o Neurological support
 Hubel & Wiesel
 Breaking patterns into simpler features may be neurologically necessary before higher-
level pattern analysis can take place
• Fovea
o Small indentation in the retina
o Contains highest concentration of cones
o Provides the greatest visual activity
• Geon
o Biederman
o Basic geometric forms which make complex forms when combined
o “geometric ions”
o 24 distinct geons
o Limited # of geometric shapes that can be applied to complex shapes
• Gestalt Theory
o
Psych can be understood by examining the way info is organized as a whole s
o All parts of stimuli together
o Natural/spontaneous organization
o Subjective organization
 Illusory contours
o Similarity
 Objects w/ similar properties

o Proximity
 Nearby objects
o Good continuation
 Objects that define smooth lines or curves
o Symmetry
 Objects that form symmetrical patterns
o Periodicity
 Objects that form periodic patterns