Clinical Anatomy Exam 2 Review Sheet.docx - Chapter 6:...

Chapter 6: Upper Limb
 Shoulder , which includes the deltoid, pectoral, scapular, and lateral part of
cervical region. The pectoral (shoulder) girdle is a bony ring, incomplete
posteriorly, formed by the scapulae and clavicles and completed anteriorly by the
manubrium of the sternum.
 Arm (L. brachium) is between the shoulder and the elbow and is centered around
the humerus.
 Forearm (L. antebrachium) is between the elbow and the wrist and contains the
ulna and radius.
 Hand (L. manus) is distal to the forearm and contains the carpus, metacarpus, and
phalanges. Is richly supplied with sensory endings for touch, pain, and
temperature.
Clavicle
The Clavicle (collar bone) connects the upper limb to the trunk. Its sternal end
articulates with the manubrium of the sternum at the sternoclavicular (SC) joint. Its
acromial end articulates with the acromion of the scapula at the acromioclavicular (AC)
joint.
Scapula
The Scapula (shoulder blade) is a triangular flat bone that lies on the posterolateral
aspect of the thorax, overlying the 2 nd through 7 th ribs. The spine of the scapula continues
laterally, expanding to form the acromion.
Humerus

The Humerus (arm bone), the largest bone in the upper limb, articulates with the scapula
at the glenohumeral joint and the radius and ulna at the elbow joint. Proximally, the ball-
shaped head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula.
Ulna and Radius
The ulna , the stabilizing bone of the forearm, is the medial and longer of the two forearm
bones. The radius is the lateral and shoulder of the two forearm bones.
Bones of Hand
The wrist , or carpus , is composed of eight carpal bones (carpals) arranged in proximal
and distal rows of four
 Scaphoid
 Lunate
 Hamate; hook of Hamate
Clinical Box
 Fracture of Clavicle : The trapezius muscle is unable to hold up the lateral
fragment owing to the weight of the upper limb, and thus the shoulder drops. The
weakest part of the clavicle is at the junction of its middle and lateral thirds
 Ossification (hardening) of Clavicle : The clavicle is the first flat bone to ossify
(via intramembranous ossification). This is the last of the epiphyses of flat bones
to fuse.
 Fracture of Scapula : Result of severe trauma; fractured ribs; the scapula is
covered on both sides by muscles protruding subcutaneous acromion.
 Fractures of Humerus : Fractures of the surgical neck of the humerus are
especially common in elderly people with osteoporosis (low density of bone).

Surgical neck, axillary nerve; radial groove, radial nerve; distal humerus, median
nerve; and medial epicondyle, ulnar nerve.
 Fractures of Ulna and Radius : Fracture of the distal end or the radius is the
most common fracture in people older than 50 years of age. A complete fracture
of the radius, called a Colles fracture , is the most common fracture of the
forearm. Often comminuted (broken into pieces). Often the ulnar styloid process
is avulsed (broken off). This fracture is often referred to as a dinner fork (silver
fork) deformity because a posterior angulation occurs in the forearm just proximal