Chapter 12 Achieving a Healthy WeightBody Composition•Fat-free massincludes __________, bone, body fluids, and organs–Muscles are often specifically referred to as ________ body mass or muscle mass•_______________ fatis required for body functioning–It is stored in major body _________ and tissues and throughout the centralnervous system–Females have additional essential fat for childbearing and other hormone-relatedfunctions•Storage fatis the extra fat that accumulates in fat cells around organs and beneath theskin to ___________, pad, and ___________ the body from trauma and cold•Fat cells(or____________ cells) are storage sites for energy•Fat is a dynamic organ that produces a multitude of hormones and inflammatoryproteinsOverweight Versus Obese•Overweight: a body weight in excess of a recommended range for good health•Obesity: specifically, having an excessive accumulation of body fat•Body Mass Index (BMI): a direct calculation basedon __________ and __________, used to classify overweight and obesity–Weight in pounds, divided by height (in inches) squared, multiplied by 703–A BMI of below 18.8 is considered underweight–A BMI of 18.5 to 24.9 is considered normal–A BMI of ________________ is considered _______________–A BMI of ________________ is considered _______________Location of Fat•_________fat, distributed primarily in the ___________ area (apple-shape obesity), islinked to increased risk for coronary _________ ___________, hypertension, highcholesterol, type 2 diabetes, and cancer–Characteristic of many men, but also some women•Fat distributed in the lower extremities, around the hips, buttocks, and thighs (pear-shape obesity) does not present as great a ______–More common in women•_________-to-hip ratio may be more important than BMI in predicting health problemsbecause abdominal fat is so heavily linked to diseasesDivide the waist by the hipWomenshould be below_____Menshould be below_____
•Waist circumference alone may be a predictor of risk–Men with a waist circumference of over _____inches and women with a waistcircumference of over ____ inches are classified as high risk no matter their BMI•A __________-_________ diet and regular aerobic _____________ can help reducebody fat stores regardless of where they are locatedRisks Associated with Obesity•Obesity is linked to more than _____ chronic diseases•The major associated killers are __________disease, several types of _________,___________, type 2 ______________, and atherosclerosis–The combination of type 2 diabetes and obesity can lead to __________, nervedamage, ____________ failure, and cardiovascular disease•Obesity aggravates liver disorders and osteoarthritis; is found in conjunction withgallbladder disease; and _____________ surgery and pregnancyWhat Causes Obesity?•Obesity occurs when a person’s caloric __________ is ____________ than the amountof energy the person _________•Evidence suggests the cause is a complex combination of ____________, genetic,psychological, behavioral, __________, and environmental factorsThe Energy Balance Equation•Energy input (_________ ___________) must be equal to energy output (_________________________) for body weight to remain constant–Acalorie(actually akcal) is a measure of energy–__________ calories = 1 pound–To reduce weight, (1) reduce caloric intake ________ the energy requirement; (2)increase the caloric _____________ through additional physical activity aboveenergy requirements; or (3) combine the two methods•In practice, individual differences in resting metabolic rates, cellular makeup, and leantissue become a considerationHeredity•Genetics is responsible for about ________ of these factors: the number of fat cells inthe body, how much fat is stored, where it is stored, and metabolic rates•Some of the body’s hormones may also be linked to obesity–_______: a hormone secreted by fat cells that informs the brain about the size of
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