Active Transport:the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration,assisted by enzymes and requiring energyArchaella:unique whip-like structure on the cell surface of many archaea. Similar to bacterial flagellum but differ in-Thinner, made of more than 1 protein subunit, not hollow, atp hydrolysis required to power movement-Function in motilitiy, adhesion to substrates. Formation of biofilms and cell to cell interactionsBatch culture:In batch culture: • Cells are incubated in a closed culture vessel. • Fresh medium is not provided, sonutrients are consumed and their concentrations decline. • Within the media, waste products accumulate. Has to dowith graphBinary Fission:how most bacteria and archaeareproduce. Cell elongates as new cell envelope materials are synthesized.During binary fission the cell elongates as new cell envelope materials are synthesized. • Structure like ribosomes andinclusions are evenly distributed in the plasma membrane. • The nucleoid must be replicated and partitioned into eachelongated halfCytokinesis:forms septum and daughter cellsThe process of forming a cross wall between two daughter cells is known as septation/cytokinesis. Septation is dividedinto multiple steps1. The site were the septum is formed is selected.2. The Z ring is assembled, which is composed of the cytoskeletal protein FtsZ.3. The synthesis machinery of the cell wall assembles.4. The cell is constricted, and the septum is formed.Embden-Meyerhof:most common glycolytic pathway, found in all major groups of microorganisms, it is also found inplants and animals. It functions in the presence or absence of o2. It provides several precursor metabolites, NADH andATP for the cell. Yield 2 TP and 2 NADH.. Glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2NAD+ → 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H +Endocytosis:the taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole.Endospore:Dormant cells formed within a “mother-cell”. Endospores are only produced by certain genera Clostridium,Bacillus, and Sporosarcina within the phylum Firmicutes.Endospores are of interest to biologists because: • Highly resistant to environmental stress. • Several endospore formingbacteria are dangerous pathogens. • Clostridium botulinum – botulism • Bacillus anthracis – anthrax • Clostridium tetani– tetanus • Clostridium perfringens – food poisoning • They are very complex and it is a complex process to generatethem-Core-ribosomes, nucleoid, low water content, dipicolinic acid complexed w calcium ions, lower ph-Inner membrane-impermeable to chemicals including those that damage dna-Germ cell wall-this contains peptidoglycan that will form the wall of the vegetative cell that grows out followinggermination-Cortex-made of peptidoglycan-Outer membrane-phospholipid bilayer-Coat-complex structure composed of several layers w more than 70 proteins. Highly cross linked proteins.
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