asian american final - Executive Order 9066 1942 Exclude...

Executive Order 9066

1942
 Exclude Japanese from areas where they felt militarily vulnerable
 Under president Roosevelt, tens and thousands of American citizens of
Japanese ancestry, were placed in internment camps all over the US
Min Yasui

He tried to enlist in the US army 9 times and they wouldn’t have him

Went back to Oregon and started a law practice
 Curfew for Japanese and he violated it

Had himself arrested because he knew it could result in a test case
Gordon Hirabayashi

Gordon was convicted of violating the curfew in the internment camps

He appealed to the Supreme Court
 Overturned on the same day that Yasui’s case was
Fred Korematsu

Changes his name to Clyde Sarah and has surgery on his eyes to make them
look more Western

He becomes arrested and taken to jail
 While in jail, the ACLU paid his bail and wanted him to be a test case

He and the ACLU lost
Mitsuye Endo

Complied with all the Japanese orders

She was a Christian and couldn’t speak, read or write Japanese
 Her loyalty had never been questioned (her brother was even in the army)

ACLU argued they were holding her for stupid reasons

Supreme Court agrees

Recognized they were violating their civil rights
Loyalty Questionnaire
 Nissei men and women were given questionnaires asking if they would serve
in the military as soldiers or nurses

Question 27 asked if they would serve

Question 28 asked if they would swear “unqualified loyalty to the US and
foreswear and allegiance or obedience to the Japanese emperor”
 Yes/yes meant you would be inducted into service
 No/no meant you would be sent to the segregation camp inside the Tule Lake
Camp

Requests for repatriation as a result of incarceration and the questionnaire

They were also designed for all Japanese internees, in order to draft the loyal
Japanese to serve in the US military
Repeal acts

1943

Successful

Eligible for citizenship

Annual quota 105

Luce-Cellar Bill

1946
 Repeal of Filipino and Asian Indian exclusion
 Ended the quotas
McCarran-Walter Act

Also known as the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, the McCarran-
Walter Act ended Asian exclusion after WWII. The act introduced a system of
preference based on skill sets and family reunification. With this, all Asians
were eligible for citizenship but unequal quotas continued. Truman tried to
veto the quotas because he felt they were still very racist and he wanted Asian
allies for the Cold War. It eventually led to Asian war brides from Korea,
Japan, and Philippines.
The Warbride Acts
Diaozhi

Re-utilizing the US judiciary system
The Chinese Confession Program

The Chinese Confession Program lasted from 1956-1965 as a program that
was initiated by the Justice Department through INS to undermine and destroy
the immigration network of the Chinese under the name of investigating
communist activities. They were trying to target communists, paper sons, and