Stat 114 (Descriptive Statistics)CHAPTER 4: PRESENTATION OF DATAI.Textual Presentation❖Data incorporates important figures inparagraphs or texts❖Figures + Brief Description❖Focuses on important figures and not minutedetails of the setSignificant FiguresAny digit in a number that contributes to thespecification of its magnitude and accuracy,apart from zeroes, that solely determines theposition of the decimal pointIf the original data are known to be roundedfigures, we present only the significant figures ofthis data. This practice will avoid the impressionof spurious accuracy.Rules:a)Nonzero = Significantb)Zeroes between nonzero digits = significantc)Leading Zero (left of the first nonzero digit)= not significant (place holders)d)Trailing Zeros at the right of the decimalpoint = significante)Uncertain Zeroes (trailing zeroes of wholenumbers) = vague = use a unit or scientificnotationII.Tabular Presentation❖Data arranges figures in a systematic mannerin rows and columns❖Most common methodTypes of Tabular PresentationA.Leader WorkoSimplest layout (no table title, columnheadings, and table borders)oDescriptive statements and footnotesoIncorporated within a paragraphB.Text TabulationoHas column headings and table bordersoNo table title and table numberoNeeds descriptive statements and footnotesC.Formal Statistical TableoMost complete type because it contains allimportant partsoCan stand alone even without an introductorystatementDifferent Parts of a Formal Statistical Table1.Heading–located on top of the table of figuresa)Table Number–number that identifies theposition of the table in a sequenceb)Table Title–states in telegraphic form thesubject, data classification, and place andperiod covered by the figures in the tablec)Head Note–appears below the title butabove the top cross rule of the table andprovides additional information about thetable; specifies the common unit ofmeasurement of the figures in the table;statement to clarify the title or certainportions of the table2.Box Heada)Spanner Head–caption or label describingtwo or more column headsb)Column Head–label that describes thefigures in a columnc)Panel–set of column heads under thesame spanner head3.Stub–located in the left side of the tablea)Row Caption–label that describes thefigures in a rowb)Center Head–label describing a set of rowcaptionsc)Stub Head–caption or label that describesall of the center heads and row captions;located at the first rowd)Block–set of row captions under the samecenter head4.Field–collection of figures in a table
5.Line–row of figures6.Column–column of figures7.Cell–contains the figure in the intersection of arow caption and a column heading8.Footnote–descriptive statement about aparticular part of the table of the whole table;located at the bottom of the table9.Source Note–gives the name of the agencythat collected the dataDifferent Classifications of Summarized Dataa)Quantitative Classification–to compare groupsthrough counting or measuringb)Qualitative Classification–to compare thesummarized data in the different categoricallabels of a qualitative variable (either viaalphabetical order, decreasing frequencies, ordegree for rating scales)c)Chronological Classification–to discover trends
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