MIDDLE EAST EXCEPTIONAUSM
321
320
DEMOCRATIZATION
Karl,
T.1.
and
Schmitter,
P.
(991)
'Models of transition in Latin America,
Southern
and
Eastern Europe',
International
Social ScienceJournal,
no.I38.
Legassick,
M.
(985)
'South Africa in crisis: what route to democracy?',
African
Affairs,
vol.84, pp.587--603.
Lemarchand,
R.
(994)
'Managing transitional anarchies: Rwanda, Burundi and
South Africa in comparative perspective',
Journal
of
Modern
African
Studies,
vo1.32,
no.4, pp.581--604.
Lewis,
S.
(990)
The Economics
of
Apartheid,
New York, Council
of
Foreign
Relations.
Lodge,
T.
(996)
'South Africa: democracy
and
development in a post-
apartheid society' in Leftwich,
A.
Ced.)
Democracy
and
Development: Theory
and
Practice,
Cambridge, Polity Press.
Lodge,
T.
and
Nasson,
B.
(991)
All, Here,
and
Now:
Black
Politics
in
South
Africa
in
the 1980s,
London, Hurst
and
Co.
Luckhardt,
K
and
Wall,
B.
(980)
Organise
or
Starve! The History
of
the South
African
Congress
of
Trade Unions,
London, Lawrence
and
Wishart.
Mandela,
N.
(994)
Long Walk to Freedom,
London, Little, Brown.
Manzo,
KA.
(992)
Domination,
Resistance
and
Social Change
in
South
Africa,
London, Praeger.
O'Donnell, G., Schmitter,
P.
and Whitehead,
1.
(988)
Transitions
from
Authoritarian
Rule.
Vol.5:
Conclusions
about
Uncertain Democracies,
Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press.
Ottaway,
M.
(993)
South Africa:
the
Stntggle
for
a New Order,
Washington,
Brookings Institution.
Price,
R.M.
(994)
'South Africa, the Political
Economy
of
Growth
and
Democracy
in Stedman,
S.].
(ed.).
Przeworski,
A.
(991)
Democracy
and
the
Market,
Cambridge, Cambridge
University Press.
Rueschemeyer, D., Stephens,
E.
and
Stephens,).
(992)
Capitalist Development
and
Democracy,
Cambridge, Polity Press.
Shain,
Y.
and
Linz,
J.
(995)
Between States: Interim Governments
and
Democratic TranSition,
Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Shapiro,
I.
(993)
'Democratic innovation: South Africa in comparative
context',
World Politics,
vo1.46,
pp.I21-50.
Shin,
Doh
Chull
(994)
'On
the Third Wave
of
democratization',
World Politics,
vol.
47
, pp.135-70.
Simons, H.).
and
Simons,
R.E.
(969)
Class
and
Colour
in
South Africa,
1850-
1950,
Harmondsworth, Penguin.
Sisk,
T.D.
(994)
'Perspectives
on
South Africa's transition: implications for
democratic consolidation',
Politikon,
vo1.21,
no.I,
pp.66-75.
South Africa,
RP
32
(979)
Report
of
the Commission
of
Inquiry
into Legislation
affecting the Utilization
of
Manpower,
Government Publication.
South Africa,
RP
47
(979)
Report
of
the Commission
of
Inquiry
into
Labour
Legislation,
Government Publication.
South Africa,
UG
62
(951)
Report
of
the
Industrial
Legislation Commission,
Government Publication.
Stedman,
S.].
(994)
'South Africa: transition and transformation' in Stedman,
S.).
(ed.) pp.7-27.
Stedman,
S.].
(ed.)
(994)
South
Africa:
the Political
Economy
of
Transformation,
Boulder, Lynne Rienner.
Middle
East
exceptionalism
-
myth
or
reality?
Simon
Bromley
13.1
Patterns
of
political
development
As
the
Introduction
to
Part
IV
has
already
suggested,
the
range
of
countries
comprising
the
Middle East is to some-extent a matter
of
convention
and
there
is
considerable
unevenness
among
the
countries
of
the
region,
however
defined.
Here
I
concentrate
on
the
Arab East (Egypt, Iraq, Jordan,
Lebanon,
Syria
and
Saudi Arabia
and
the
Gulf States, i.e. Bahrain, Kuwait,
