Chemistry 101 2022 Practical Manual.pdf - INTRODUCTION TO...

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INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY
CHEM 101
PRACTICAL MANUAL
Compiled by:
DR. NOKUTHULA KHANYILE
2022

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CONTENTS
CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................... ii
RULES .............................................................................................................................. iii
LABORATORY APPARATUS ........................................................................................ iv
EXPERIMENT 1 : MEASUREMENT OF MASS AND VOLUME… .............................. 1
EXPERIMENT 2 : TITRIMETRIC ANALYSIS: THE DETERMINATION OF A
STRONG ACID WITH STANDARD SODIUM HYDROXIDE ........................................ 7
EXPERIMENT 3 : REACTION STOICHIOMETRY AND PERCENTAGE YIELD…12
EXPERIMENT 4 : STANDARDIZATION OF HCL SOLUTION (NON-PRIMARY
STANDARD) USING SODIUM CARBONATE AS A PRIMARY STANDARD 17
EXPERIMENT 5 : REDOX REACTIONS USING POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE.21
EXPERIENT 6 : QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS:
FLAME TEST .................................................................................................................... 32
EXPERIMENT 7 : DETERMINATION OF MOLECULAR MASS OF METAL
CARBONATE BY BACK TITRATION ........................................................................... 40
PROJECT : DETERMINATION OF CITRIC ACID IN ORANGE FRUIT JUICE 42
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 46
APPENDIX A : THE PERIODIC TABLE… ..................................................................... 47
APPENDIX B : SIGNIFICANT FIGURES ....................................................................... 48

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RULES
 The safe way is the right way to do your job. Plan your work. Follow instructions.
If you do not know how to do the experiment safely, ask your instructor.
 Be able to use all safety devices and protective equipment provided for your use
and know their location (eyewash fountain, shower, fire blanket, fire extinguisher).
 Safety goggles must be worn at all times.
 Do not eat or drink in the laboratory (and do not store food in the refrigerators).
Smoking in the laboratory is absolutely forbidden.
 Personal effects: wear proper clothing (including protective clothing when handling
corrosive, toxic, or flammable materials). Avoid loose sleeves, loose cuffs, and
bracelets. Long hair must be tied back. Proper shoes are required (no sandals and
stilettos).
 Horseplay in any form is dangerous and prohibited. Do not run in laboratory areas.
 If you see a colleague doing something dangerous, point it out to him or her and to
the course instructor.
 Report to your instructor all unsafe conditions, unsafe acts, and "near misses" that
might cause future accidents. Report any accident or fire, no matter how trivial, to
the instructor.
 Hazardous Chemicals:
o Be especially mindful of fire hazards when you or your lab neighbours are
working with flammable liquids.
o Hazardous Substances: Know common explosive, toxic, and carcinogenic
materials and use them only with adequate safeguards.
 Never leave a reaction or experiment running unattended, unless you have told your
lab partners enough about it to deal with potential hazards while you are away.
 Keep hood and bench top areas clean and workable space maximized

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LABORATORY APPARATUS

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1. MEASUREMENTS OF MASS AND VOLUME
OUTCOMES
After completing this experiment, the student should be able to:
1. Perform basic laboratory measurements of mass and volume using appropriate glassware
and equipment.
2. Express measurements and calculated results with the proper number of significant
figures.