Final Exam Review Part AFINAL EXAM REVIEWAs you prepare for your final exam, review textbook chapters 19 - 39, quizzes 3 & 4, and Final Exam Review Part A and Part B.Final Exam Review Part ALesson 13 - FUNGI, PLANTS AND ANIMALS Lichens do not grow in polluted areas. They cannot tolerate airborne toxins. All fungi are heterotrophic. A lichen is made of algae and a fungus. The algae contribute food that they produce via photosynthesis. Both angiosperms and conifers produce seeds (as do other types of plants). Angiosperms are flowering plants. Animals are multicellular heterotrophs. Lesson 14 - PLANTS: TISSUES, NUTRITION AND TRANSPORT Xylem transports water and minerals. Cuticle (waxy covering on leaf) helps decrease water loss. Stomata provide for gas exchange. They allow for the entry of CO2 into the plant, but cause water to be lost from the plant. Mosses lack xylem. Perpetually young (undifferentiated) tissue is called meristematic. Parenchyma is NOT involved with the conduction of food (phloem does that). The gritty stones found in fruit are made of sclerenchyma. Roots are NOT involved with food production. Most water that enters a plant is lost via transpiration. Plants do NOT get carbon from the soil. Mineral uptake is via the roots. Nodules on roots of leguminous plants supply nitrogen to the plant. Lesson 15 - PLANT REPRODUCTION Angiosperms have seeds and flowers. A flower usually has male parts (stamen) as well as female parts (carpel). A cotelydon is a seed leaf. The stamen is where microspores are produced.
Megaspores are female and haploid. Bees will NOT visit red flowers. Lesson 16 - ANIMALS: STRUCTURE AND MOVEMENT The most successful invertebrate phylum is Arthropoda. All animals are multicellular, diploid and heterotrophic. Exoskeletons are characteristic of arthropods (e.g., insects and crabs). Bipedalism (walking upright on two feet) is highly developed in humans. Sharks, unlike most fish, do NOT have bones. Tissues on surfaces are called epithelial. Blood is a connective tissue (cells in non-cellular matrix); skeletal muscle is NOT a connective tissue. Adipose cells store fat. The back of a human is called the posterior. Cartilage is found between vertebrae, at the ends of bones and in the external ear (and elsewhere). Melanin protects the skin from ultraviolet radiation (to a very limited degree). In a human, the upper arm bone is the Humerus. In a human, the kneecap is the patella. Lesson 17 - ANIMALS: CIRCULATION Cardiac muscle cells are involuntary and striated. Smooth muscle is involuntary and NOT striated. Blood cells form in bone marrow (and elsewhere) but blood cells do NOT form in the integumentary system (skin). Blood vessels are NOT found in the epidermis. The lymph system does NOT transport dissolved gasses. A mature erythrocyte (RBC) does NOT have a nucleus RBCs transport oxygen well because they contain hemoglobin.
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