Exam 3 - Memory Memory the persistence of learning over...

Memory 3/15/16 03/15/2016
° Memory – the persistence of learning over time
°
° The Computer information Processing Model
 Encoding – getting information into our brain
o Do this by responding to the environment and by paying
attention to something
 Consolidation – organizing & preparing for storage – effortful
o If you don’t make an effort it wont go to the next part
 Storage – retaining information over time
o Ex. Leaving water in an ice tray in the freezer for a while until
it turns to ice
 Retrieval – getting information back out
° Information Processing: Atkinson & Shiffrin Model
 Dual-store first proposed by William James in 1890
o Claimed Short-term and long-term memory are different
 Information-Processing Model
o Proposed by Atkinson & Shiffrin in 1968 with three memory
stores, organized by duration
 Modified by Baddeley to include working memory 1986
o Baddeley added working memory, central executive & 3 types
of short term memory
o ***ASK AMANDA FOR THE PHOTO OF THE CHART
° 3 Kinds of Memory:
 Sensory Register

o Afterimage or echo
o Environmental information picked up and transformed by
sensory receptors
o Iconic – Visual
o Echoic = Auditory
 Short term Memory
o Holds a few items briefly
o Limited capacity (7 + or – 2)
o Interference prone
o Found in the PFC – Prefrontal Cortex
o Mr. Digit Man
o Assessment of short term memory –digit span
o Digit Memory Span:
 Age: # of digits
 2-3 yrs 2
 5 yrs 4
 7 yrs 5
 10 yrs 6
 13 yrs 6-7
o Working memory (another function of short term)
 Is the active form
 Changes information into another form

o Executive consolidator control function that pulls all of the
sensory channels into one episodic thing
 Long term Memory
o Holds information together for hours, days or years
o Relatively permanent
o “unlimited capacity”
o Two long term memory systems:
 Conscious: Explicit – declarative
 Available to our awareness
 You can tell me exactly what you know
 Hippocampus
 Un-effortful, automatic processing of
hippocampus
o Space, time and frequency
 Semantic (1
st
lvl)
 Meaning, facts without reference to time or
place of learning
 Episodic
 Personal, specific experience at a particular
time, in a particular space
 Unconscious: Implicit
 Procedural
 Motor
 “Muscle memory”
 Skills

 Balance and Equilibrium
 Cerebellar
° Recognition vs. Recall
 Snow white and the Seven Dwarfs
o Happy
o Sleepy
o Doc
o Sneezy
o Grumpy
o Dopey
o Bashful
 Recognition is better because it is easier, more efficient in
remembering the most for accessing memory
 Age Progression:
o 4 yr old: Recall - 2-4 items Recognize: 11-12 items
o 8-10 yr old: Recall: 6-9 items Recognize: 12 items
o Adult: Recall: 10-11 items Recognize: 12 items
Memory is organized by
 Sound (phonetically)
 Letter(visually)
 Meaning (semantically)
 Remembering mistakes related to these categories

° Memory Failure
 Encoding – acquisition failure
o Requires attention and effort
o