OxygenationNUR 3028
What is Oxygenation?•What’s the differencebetween ventilation andperfusion?•Ventilation=>•Mechanical processof getting the O2into the lungs•Perfusion=>•Gas exchange andtransfer ofoxygenated blood tothe tissuesBreathe in O2Gas exchangein Lungs:Breathe outCO2Heart pumpsoxygenatedblood totissuesO2 movesfrom hgb intotissuesDeoxygenatedblood back toheart, pumpedto lungs,....
Oxygenation•Ventilation in excess of that required toeliminate carbon dioxide produced by cellularmetabolismHyperventilation•Alveolar ventilation inadequate to meet thebody’s oxygen demand or to eliminatesufficient carbon dioxideHypoventilation•Inadequate tissue oxygenation at the cellularlevelHypoxia•Blue discoloration of the skin and mucousmembranesCyanosis3
HypoxiaDecreased hemoglobinDiminished concentrationTissues can't extract O2Decreased diffusion of O2 to alveoliPoor tissue perfusionImpaired ventilation
Principles for Practice•Oxygen therapyis used totreathypoxia•Treat oxygen as a medication•Provider order required•Hemoglobin•Carrier of oxygen (O2), andcarbon dioxide (CO2)•Hemoglobin levels and acid-base status directly affectoxygenation•Increased oxygen demands•Pain and anxiety•Fever increases the body’smetabolic rate, increasingoxygen demand5
Physiological Factors thatAffect OxygenationDecreased O2 carryingcapacity•Anemia•Increased CO2•Carbon monoxide•CO binds tohemoglobin withmuch greateraffinity than oxygen•Inability of tissues toextract O2 from theblood•Cyanide poisoningHypovolemia•Blood loss•Severe dehydration•Decreasedcirculating volumeDecreased inspired O2•Airway obstruction•Collapsed alveoli•High altitudes•Oxygenmoleculesin the air arefurther apart,reducingtheoxygencontentof each breathincrementallyIncreased metabolicrate•Increased O2demand
Alterations in RespiratoryFunctioning•Hypoventilation•Emphysema•Cystic fibrosis•Bronchitis•Hyperventilation•Asthma•Anxiety /Panic Attacks•Stress•Emphysema•Cardiac alterations canalso cause alterations inrespiratory functioning(!!)•Pregnancy•Obesity•Musculoskeletalabnormalities•Scoliosis•Kyphosis•Trauma•Impaired ventilation•Rib fractures•Tracheal obstruction•CNS alterations•Neuromuscular diseases•Guillain-Barré
Influences of Chronic Diseasesthat Affect Oxygenation•COPD & Emphysema•Barrel chest•Air trapping•Diaphragm flattens
Developmental and Lifestyle FactorsInfluencing Oxygenation•Children•Immature immune system putsthem at higher risk of gettingrespiratory infections•Elderly–•Physiological changes in thebody•Posture•Aging immune system whichmay be weaker•Higher risk of gettingrespiratory infections•Health promotion->•Pneumococcalvaccination•Smoking & second &third hand smoke•Nutrition•Exercise•Substance abuse•Stress•Panic/anxiety attacks•Smogin urban areas•Occupational pollution•Asbestos exposure•Talcum powder•Dust•Airborne fibers
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