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Party System I
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
United States presidential election results between 1796 and 1820. Blue colors indicate that the state
favored the Democratic-Republican Party , while yellow/brown colors indicate that the state favored the
Federalist Party .
The First Party System is a model of American politics used in history and political science to
periodize the political party system existing in the United States between roughly 1792 and 1824.
[1]
It
featured two national parties competing for control of the presidency, Congress, and the states: the
Federalist Party , created largely by Alexander Hamilton , and the rival Jeffersonian Democratic-
Republican Party formed by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison and usually called at the time
the "Republican Party." The Federalists were dominant until 1800, while the Republicans were
dominant after 1800.
In an analysis of the contemporary party system, Jefferson wrote on February 12, 1798:

Two political Sects have arisen within the U. S. the one believing that the executive is the branch
of our government which the most needs support; the other that like the analogous branch in the
English Government, it is already too strong for the republican parts of the Constitution; and
therefore in equivocal cases they incline to the legislative powers: the former of these are called
federalists, sometimes aristocrats or monocrats, and sometimes Tories , after the corresponding
sect in the English Government of exactly the same definition: the latter are stiled
republicans, Whigs , jacobins , anarchists , dis-organizers, etc. these terms are in familiar use with
most persons."
[2]
Both parties originated in national politics, but soon expanded their efforts to gain supporters and
voters in every state. The Federalists appealed to the business community, the Republicans to the
planters and farmers. By 1796 politics in every state was nearly monopolized by the two parties, with
party newspapers and caucuses becoming especially effective tools to mobilize voters.
The Federalists promoted the financial system of Treasury Secretary Hamilton, which emphasized
federal assumption of state debts, a tariff to pay off those debts, a national bank to facilitate
financing, and encouragement of banking and manufacturing. The Republicans, based in the
plantation South, opposed a strong executive power, were hostile to a standing army and navy,
demanded a strict reading of the Constitutional powers of the federal government, and strongly
opposed the Hamilton financial program. Perhaps even more important was foreign policy, where the
Federalists favored Britain because of its political stability and its close ties to American trade, while
the Republicans admired the French and the French Revolution. Jefferson was especially fearful that
British aristocratic influences would undermine republicanism . Britain and France were at war from
1793–1815, with only one brief interruption. American policy was neutrality, with the federalists
hostile to France, and the Republicans hostile to Britain. The Jay Treaty