emerged; we will learn how these communicationhistories have impacted political, economic, andcultural life. Our focus will be “active history”:history that is still alive, shaping the present inways we often ignore.As we move deeper into the semester, studentswill gain an understanding of media andcommunication history not as a stable narrativebut as a contested field, in which scholars argueabout how to interpret evidence about the past—and what constitutes evidence in the first place.The aim is to develop the “cognitive habits” ofwhat Lendol Calder calls “historical mindedness”:“questioning, connecting, sourcing, makinginferences, considering alternate perspectives, andrecognizing the limits to one’s knowledge” (2006).We will accomplish this aim in two main ways: 1)examining keytheoriesanddebatesin the historyof communication and media through readings,lectures, and discussions; and 2) learning about