Chapter 8 – “Race” and EthnicityIntroduction to “race”-“race” was first applied to humans during European colonial expansion in the 16thand 17thcenturies-reflects beliefs about biological superiority and inferiority-does not exist as clear biological entities among humans-difficulty defining how many races there are-differences within races are greater than between them-racializationis a social process in which human groups are viewed and judged as essentially different interms of their-intellect-morality-values-innate worth-because of perceived differences in physical appearance or cultural heritageIndigenous peoples in Canada-indigenous people have been living in what is now Canada for at least 14,000 years-the indigenous population was racialized in the 16thcentury in the context of European colonization-the indigenous population was racialized in the 16thcentury in the context of European colonization-settlers and their descendants have lived in Canada for only 3.3% of its history, yet Indigenous history islargely ignored-Indigenous people tend to be studies mainly outsiders and predominantly from the perspective of socialproblems-Indigenous peoples are defined by a complex system of legal statuses that separates them from non-Indigenous peoples, and from each other-legal designations include: registered Indian, Bill C-31, band member, reserve residents, treatyIndian, Métis, Eskimo-legal differences stem from theIndian Act(1876) and are administered by the federal department ofIndigenous and Northern Affairs-until 1985, the Indian Act only recognized men as “registered Indian”; women’s status wasderived from the man to whom they married; children’s from their father-Inuit have been in Canada for a shorter time and occupy Arctic territory-Métis are the descendants of French fur traders and Cree women
Blacks in Canada-black communities have existed in Nova Scotia since the British Proclamation of 17779-offered freedom to slaves who left their American masters to fight for the British in theAmerican Revolution-population in Canada fluctuated, but remained low until the 1970s-in 2011, the black community was the third largest visible minority group in Canada with a population of945,665-despite their long history in Canada, black Canadians are frequently viewed and treated as newcomersor “the Other”-black people are overrepresented in the criminal justice system-lack of opportunity-racial profiling-do not from education as others-slightly more likely to hold university degrees than others-lower average income than othersFour elements of racism-racialization: construction of certain groups of people as different and biologically superior or inferior-prejudice: pre-judgment of others on the basis of their group membership-discrimination: differential treatment – rewarded or punished – of individuals based on their groupmembership-power:manifested when institutionalized advantages are regularly handed to one or more groups overothersThree kinds of racism-racial bigotry:open, conscious expression of racist views by an individual-institutional or systemic racism: racist practices, rules, and laws have become institutionalized
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