© Ramos-Cancel, M.L. (Latest Revisions Spring 2013, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022)Notes Unit 1, Set 2, Major TopicsHuman Growth and DevelopmentMariaLi Ramos-Cancel, Ph.D.Fall 2022Basic Life-Span Human Development TopicsUnit One Second Set NotesInstructor Developed HandoutTopic Related NotesSupplement with Textbook(Also Relevant to Other Units)Major TopicsCentral Nervous SystemPeripheral Nervous SystemEndocrine System and Immune SystemRespiratory System and Circulatory SystemSources of Stress, Effects, Psychological ModeratorsPhysiological Reactions to Stress, Stages of Reaction to StressWellness Practices That Can Help Alleviate Stress
© Ramos-Cancel, M.L. (Latest Revisions Spring 2013, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022)Notes Unit 1, Set 2, Major TopicsMajor Biological Systems and ProcessesNeurons/Neurotransmitters and Nervous Systems1.Neurons/NeurotransmittersNeuronsare nerve cells that send and receive messages within the body and between body andenvironmental stimuli.There are sensory neurons, motor neurons, and connecting interneurons.Neurons include a body (soma) and two different types of fibers (axonanddendrites). Amyelinsheath(fatty substance) surrounds and protects the axon.It makes the transmission of impulsesmore efficient and effective.Myelination is one of the signs of brain development.Neurotransmittersare chemical substances involved in the transmission of electrical impulsesfrom one neuron to another (synapsis). Impulses travel from the axon and terminal buttons of oneneuron (sending fibers) to the dendrites of another neuron (receiving fibers). The neurons nevertouch directly; the impulses travel across a synaptic gap (space).Neurotransmitters includeAcetylcholine, Dopamine, Noradrenaline, Serotonin, GABA, and Endorphins.Neurotransmittersplay an important role in our emotions, feelings, cognitive processes, and other body functions.2.Electrical ImpulsesThese impulses are registered in the brain and measured with an electroencephalograph (EGG).The EGG patterns, often referred to as waves, reflect their frequency and strength.Alphawavesare detected when relaxed,Betawavesduring mental activity,Thetawavesduring emotionaldistress and when drowsy, andDeltawavesduring deep sleep and in brain damage.3.Central Nervous SystemThe central nervous system includes thebrainandspinal cord.This system connects to theperipheral nervous system and together they transmit messages from one cell to other cells. Theouter topbrain is divided into two hemispheres (right and left) and into four lobes (frontal,parietal, temporal, occipital).Theinner middlebrain includes Reticular Activating System,Amygdala, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, and Hippocampus.Thelower outerbrain includes theMedulla Oblongata and Cerebellum.These structures play an important role in our perceptions,thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and other body functions such as breathing and balance.
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