©Ramos-Cancel, M.L (Revised 2010, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022)Human Growth and DevelopmentMariaLi Ramos-Cancel, Ph.D.Fall 2022Cognitive DomainUnit Three Second Set NotesInstructor Developed HandoutsLife-Span Overview With Topic Related NotesNotes Focus on Information That You are Expected to KnowCheck for Relevant Information in TextbookMajor Developmental PeriodsInfancy/ToddlerhoodEarly Childhood / Middle ChildhoodAdolescence / Emerging AdulthoodYoung/Middle/Older Adulthood
©Ramos-Cancel, M.L (Revised 2010, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022)Human Life-Span DevelopmentCognitive Domain(Summary Notes)*1. Infancy (Birth to Year 1) and Toddlerhood (Year 1 to 3)Overall Cognitive DevelopmentRelevant cognitive stage: Sensorimotor -- Piaget.Shows ability to learn and remember; learning is through senses; usesassimilationandaccommodationto adapt to the world; developsobject permanenceand the ability to usesymbolsand solve problems byage 2; comprehension and use of language develop.Emergence ofsymboliccapacity/function paves theway forlanguage developmentandpretend play. Infants realize that they can exercise control over theirenvironment and get adults to help them solve problems(human agency).(Assimilation:Process by which we interpret new experiences in terms of already existing schemes ororganized cognitive structures;without modifyingthe existing schemes.Accommodation:Process ofmodifyingalready existing schemes or mental structures to better fit or understand new experiences.Both processes are needed; together they are believed to make learning or adaptation to environmentpossible.These two basic processes continue throughout our lifetime, with accommodation being usedmore often during middle adulthood. Ifcognitive disequilibrium(an uncomfortable or confused state)occurs between what we know or understand and new information, resistance to the new information ornegative emotional reactions to it may occur.Assimilationandaccommodationcan help resolve it.)Conditioningandimitationare seen early.The first imitation processes to become evident arevisibleimitation(obviously seen) andinvisible imitation(not obviously seen, like the movement of an infant’stongue when trying to imitate the movement of the mother’s tongue while she talks.).Later,deferredimitationbecomes evident (when behaviors learned via imitation are not produced immediately, they aredelayed; it may be a few days or more before they are produced).Early signs ofoperant conditioningare in the form ofcircular reactionsthat are related toassimilationandaccommodationprocesses:primary,secondary, andtertiary.These three circular reactions, whichare included in Piaget’ssubstagesof thesensorimotor stage,reflect how the infant interacts with theenvironment and how it learns to repeat specific actions.These three circular reactions can also be seenin some form throughout our lifespan.
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