Chapter 11 Notes - Pathophysiology Chapter 11 Notes...

Pathophysiology Chapter 11 Notes
Leukocytes:
 Blood cells (RBCs, WBCs) originate in the bone marrow
 Produce different blood cells at different rates depending on demand
 This mean we need:
o Separate cell lines
o Separate Colony Stimulating Factors for each line
 The various stem cells with different abilities to produce the cell lines
 We need to be able to:
o Identify these cells, the cell lines, and understand the role of stimulating factors
o Understand the effects of deficiencies
o Consequences of leukemia and lymphomas
White Blood Cells: Further categorization:
 Granulocytes :
o Neutrophils:
 Primary pathogen-fighting cells
 First responders
o Eosinophils:
 Help control allergic responses
 Fight parasites
o Basophils:
 Blood cells
 Release Heparin, Histamine, and other inflammatory mediators
o Mast cells
 Tissue cells:
 Release heparin, histamine, and other inflammatory mediators
 Involved in allergic reactions
 Agranulocytes :
o Lymphocytes:
 B cells:
 Produce antibodies
 Inactive Plasma cells
 T cells:
 T-helper cells (CD4 + ):
o Activate the immune response
 Cytotoxic T cells (CD8 + )
o Cell-mediated immunity
 Natural Killer cells:
 Kill antigenic cells (like tumors)
o Monocytes → Macrophages

 Antigen-presenting cells
 Produce inflammatory mediators
Leukocyte Cell Lines:
 Pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into two separate cell lines:
o Myeloid :
 “pertaining to the bone”
 Produced and mature in the bone marrow
o Lymphoid :
 B-cells
 T-cells
 Natural Killer cells
 Produced in the bone marrow, but mature in the thymus
 These cell lines can further differentiate into different blood cells
Note: monocytes are agranulocytes but produced from the myeloid cell line; however, the rest of
the myeloid line are all granulocytes. Lymphocytes are agranulocytes .
Lymphoid cells:
 T-cells (“T” for Thymus)
o Produced in the bone marrow, but mature in the Thymus to become :
 CD4 + (helper T-cells)
 CD8
+
(cytotoxic T-cells)
 B-cells ( “B” roughly refers to Bone Marrow)
o Produced and mature in the bone marrow
o Can become plasma cells that produce antibodies against specific pathogens
 Natural Killer cells :
o Part of the innate immune system
o Kills tumors and other dysfunctional cells
Lymphoid Tissue:
 Fluid moves from the blood to tissues and back to the blood circulation via lymph vessels
 Primary Lymph tissue:
o Thymus and Bone Marrow
 Maturation of T-cells and B-cells
 Secondary Lymph tissue:
o Enlarge with infection due to proliferation of lymph cells
o More of a diagnostic markers that help determine what is happening within the
body
o Tonsils, Spleen, Lymph Nodes
 Diffuse or mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT):

o Guards the Respiratory, Genitourinal tracts, and Alimentary Canals
 Not enclosed in a capsule
 Any chance of the body part being exposed to the external world
Lymph Node:
 Highly organized lymphoid organs
 Two distinct functions :
1. Filter foreign materials from lymph before it returns to the blood stream
2. Center for proliferation and response of immune cell
