biology rev notes 1.odt - C y to p la s m δ 1000 scale...

A
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
c e n t r i f u g e
t u b e
D N A k e y :
N D N A
N / N D N A
N D N A
1 4
1 4
1 5
1 5
N D N A
N / N D N A
N D N A
1 4
1 4
1 5
1 5
N D N A
N / N D N A
N D N A
1 4
1 4
1 5
1 5
A B C
D E F
K e y :
r e p r e s e n t s
D N A w i t h N 1 5
r e p r e s e n t s
D N A w i t h N 1 4
1 4
N D N A
1 4 N 1 5 N D N A
1 5 N D N A
H
O
H
h y d r o g e n b o n d
O
O
H
H H
δ +
δ +
δ +
δ -
δ -
δ +
H
A
B
C
D
E
F
M i t o c h o n d r i a
A
0 . 1 m 
2 0 m 
X
A
B
Y
C
X
C y t o p l a s m
A B
C a p s u l e C e l l w a l l R i b o s o m e s G e n e t i c m a t e r i a l
M a g n i f i c a t i o n : × 3 8 0 0 0
X
1 . 0
)
1000
(
16

0.1 by dividing
bar
scale
measuring
Specification
The variety of life, both past and present, is extensive, but the biochemical basis of life is
similar for all living things.
Monomers are the smaller units from which larger molecules are made.
Polymers are molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together.
Monosaccharides, amino acids and nucleotides are examples of monomers.

A condensation reaction joins two molecules together with the formation of a chemical
bond and involves the elimination of a molecule of water.
A hydrolysis reaction breaks a chemical bond between two molecules and involves the use
of a water molecule.
Previous knowledge
How to test for starch?
How to test for protein?
How to test for glucose?
What is starch made up from?
What are proteins made up from?
What are fats made up from?
What is a polymer?
Biofact sheets: 39, 42, 74, 80, 152, 159, 173

A
closer
look at
carbohydrates
Specification
Monosaccharides are the monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made. Glucose,
galactose and fructose are common monosaccharides.
A condensation reaction between two monosaccharides forms a glycosidic bond.
Disaccharides are formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides:
• Maltose is a disaccharide formed by condensation of two glucose molecules
• Sucrose is a disaccharide formed by condensation of a glucose molecule and a fructose
molecule
• Lactose is a disaccharide formed by condensation of a glucose molecule and a galactose
molecule.
Glucose has two isomers, α-glucose and β-glucose, with structures

Polysaccharides are formed by the condensation of many glucose units.
• Glycogen and starch are formed by the condensation of á-glucose.
• Cellulose is formed by the condensation of â-glucose.
The basic structure and functions of glycogen, starch and cellulose. The relationship of
structure to function of these substances in animal cells and plant cells.
Biochemical tests using Benedict's solution for reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars and
iodine/potassium iodide for starch.
Previous knowledge