332IEEE JOURNAL OF RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION, VOL. 6, 2022 OneMars: Requirements for Artificial Gravity in a Spacecraft for Transportation of a Crew to Mars Rodrigo N. Schmitt, Ana B. B. Bertaglia, Giovanni J. Rosa,Student Member, IEEE, Ney R. Moscati, Diego F. M. Moreira, and Geilson Loureiro Abstract—This paper used the processes of simultaneous and systems engineering to develop a solution that addresses both the main concerns of a manned mission to Mars and the Artificial Gravity System (AGS) requirements that shall be used during the concept phase of a spacecraft to be utilized to transport a crew to Mars. The study shows different tools of the systems engineer- ing process. Steps taken in the paper include: (a) determining the main stakeholders, objectives and measures of effectiveness, analysis of the operation scenario, capabilities and constraints, concept of operations; (b) outlining the lifecycle of the project and determining main reviews and the product breakdown structure; (c) analyzing stakeholder for the spacecraft, including concerns and requirements; (d) breaking down stakeholder requirements to non-functional and functional requirements; (e) analyzing the system’s main functions by reviewing the context, circumstances, operationmodes,listofevents,essentialfunctions,hazards and risks; (f) architecting the spacecraft through: breakdown of subsystems, morphological diagram, architecture flow and interconnect diagrams, analysis of artificial gravity options and requirements specification for the artificial gravity subsystem. Index Terms—Systems engineering, Mars, stakeholder, case- study, manned mission, lifecycle. I. I NTRODUCTION T HISpaperisbasedonSchmittetal.[1].System Engineering is defined by Loureiro [2] as a multidisci- plinary discipline to derive, develop and verify a balanced solution through a system’s lifecycle that fulfils the stake- holder’s needs. Jackson [3] states that the Statement of Need is a simple statement of the purpose of the system being developed, the environment in which it will operate, and any other special operational considerations which may be important. Starting from a Statement of Need from the sci- entific community to safely transport people to and back from Mars, this paper presents a case study of the Systems Engineering process to the development of a spacecraft that can transport a crew to Mars, accommodate them and trans- port them back to Earth. Once that is done, the process of Manuscript received January 7, 2022; revised March 7, 2022; accepted March 10, 2022. Date of publication March 24, 2022; date of current version June 10, 2022.(Corresponding author: Giovanni J. Rosa.) Rodrigo N. Schmitt is with the Department of Space Mechanics and Control, INPE—Brazilian Institute for Space Research, São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12227-010, Brazil. AnaB.B.Bertaglia,GiovanniJ.Rosa,NeyR.Moscati, Diego F. M. Moreira,andGeilsonLoureiroarewiththeDepartment of Engineering and Space Systems Management, INPE—Brazilian Institute for Space Research, São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12227-010, Brazil (e-mail: [email protected]).
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