Final Exam Educational Psychology Review
Chapter 12: Motivation in Learning and Teaching
Motivation
Motivation: internal state that arouses, directs, and maintains behaviour
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What energizes and directs our behaviour?
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5 basic questions
Choices, getting started, intensity, persistence, thoughts and feelings
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Traits (individual characteristics) vs. states (temporary situation)
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Two types of motivation- classic distinction
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Intrinsic motivation: motivation associated with activities that are their own
rewards
Positive outcomes, best type of motivation
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Extrinsic motivation: motivation created by external factors (rewards &
punishments)
What the activity will gain us, negative emotions, poor academic
achievement
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Locus of Causality: the location (internal or external) of the cause of behaviour
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Not two ends of continuum, instead two independent possibilities
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Better way to think about it is one continuum for internal and one continuum for
external
adds for more complexity
General Approaches to Motivation
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Behavioral approaches to motivation
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Reward
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Incentive
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Humanistic interpretations of motivation
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Emphasize personal freedom, choice, self-determination, and striving for
personal growth
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To motivate means to encourage people’s inner resources
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Cognitive views on motivation
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People are viewed as naturally active and curious, searching for information to
solve personally relevant problems
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Social cognitive theories of motivation
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Expectancy X value theories
Any of these 0, you wont have any motivation
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Some add the element of cost
energy required, other behavioral options, risks associated with failure
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Sociocultural conceptions of motivation
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Emphasize participation in communities of practice where people engage in
activities to establish their identities and interpersonal relationships
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Identity within a group
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Legitimate peripheral participation
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Eventually develop central participation- much more important
Humanistic Theories
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Overview of humanistic psychology
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Interested in the spiritual, emotional make up of people
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Third force- critical of two perspectives
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Behaviourism (Watson, Skinner)
Thought behaviourism likened humans as robots, computers,
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Psychoanalysis (Freud)
Thought they focused too much on maladaptive behaviours, should focus
on healthy behaviours instead
Humanistic’s wanted to look at whole, not breaking humans up in small
pieces (unconscious, subconscious, etc)
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Basic themes
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Emphasis on conscious experience
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Belief in the wholeness in human nature
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Focus on free will, spontaneity and individuals creative power
The only area in psychology that focuses on free will, instead of
determinism
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The study of all factors relevant to the human condition
Carl Rogers’ Person Centered Theory
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Drive to self-actualize (greatest motivating force)
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Innate urge helped/hindered by early experiences
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Positive regard and conditional positive regard
Problems of conditional positive regard- child only feels worthy at certain
