friedrich II anti-machiavelli - ANTI-MACHIAVEL Written by Friedrich II von Preuens With the help of Voltaire In refutation of Niccolo Machiavellis The

ANTI-MACHIAVEL Written by Friedrich II von Preußens With the help of Voltaire In refutation of Niccolo Machiavelli’s The Prince -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TABLE OF CONTENTS ◾FOREWORD: EXAMINATION OF THE PRINCE OF MACHIAVEL. ◾I. WHAT A STRONG PRINCE REALLY IS, AND HOW ONE CAN REACH THAT POINT. ◾II. HEREDITARY PRINCIPALITIES ◾III. MIXED PRINCIPALITIES. ◾IV. WHY THE KINGDOM OF DARIUS DID NOT RISE AFTER THE DEATH OF ALEXANDER, WHO HAD CONQUERED IT. ◾V. HOW IT IS NECESSARY TO CONTROL THE CITIES, OR THE PRINCIPALITIES, WHICH ARE CONTROLLED BY THEIR OWN LAWS BEFORE THEY WERE CONQUERED. ◾VI. NEW STATES THAT THE PRINCE ACQUIRES BY HIS VALOR AND HIS OWN WEAPONS. ◾VII. NEW PRINCIPALITIES THAT ONE ACQUIRES BY THE FORCES OF OTHERS OR BY LUCK. ◾VIII. THOSE WHO BECAME PRINCES BY CRIMES.

◾IX. CIVIL PRINCIPALITIES. ◾X. HOW IT IS NECESSARY TO MEASURE THE FORCES OF ALL THE PRINCIPALITIES. ◾XI. ECCLESIASTICAL PRINCIPALITIES ◾XII. WHAT MAKES UP A STRONG MILITIA, AND WHAT THE ARMY MERCENARY IS WORTH. ◾XIII. AUXILIARY, MIXED, AND REGULAR TROOPS. ◾XIV. EDUCATION FOR THE PRINCE CONCERNING WAR. ◾XV. WHAT MAKES MEN, AND ESPECIALLY PRINCES, PRAISED OR BLAMED. ◾XVI. LIBERALITY AND ECONOMY ◾XVII. CRUELTY AND CLEMENCY, AND IF IT IS TO BE BETTER TO BE LOVED THAN FEARED. ◾XVIII. SHOULD THE PRINCES KEEP THEIR WORD? ◾XIX. THAT IT IS NECESSARY TO AVOID BEING MISTAKEN AND HATED ◾XX. IF THE FORTRESSES, AND SEVERAL OTHER THINGS WHICH THE PRINCES OFTEN USE, ARE BENEFICIAL, OR HARMFUL?

◾XXI. HOW THE PRINCE MUST CONTROL HIMSELF FOR HIM TO BE HELD IN REGARD ◾XXII. SECRETARIES OF THE PRINCES ◾XXIII. HOW THE FLATTERING ONES SHOULD BE AVOIDED ◾XXIV. WHY THE PRINCES OF ITALY LOST THEIR STATES ◾XXV. HOW MUCH INFLUENCE FORTUNE HAS IN THE AFFAIRS OF THE WORLD, AND HOW ONE CAN RESIST IT ◾XXVI. VARIOUS KINDS OF DIPLOMATIC NEGOTIATIONS, AND REASONS WHICH GIVES ONE THE RIGHT TO MAKE WAR -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- FOREWORD: EXAMINATION OF THE PRINCE OF MACHIAVEL Machiavel's The Prince is to ethics what the work of Spinoza is to faith. Spinoza sapped the fundamentals of faith, and drained the spirit of religion; Machiavel corrupted policy, and undertook to destroy the precepts of healthy morals: the errors of the first were only errors of speculation, but those of the other had a practical thrust. The theologians have sounded the alarm bell and battled against Spinoza, refuting his work in form and defending the Divinity against his attack, while Machiavel has only been badgered by moralists. In spite of them, and in spite of its pernicious morals, The Prince is very much on the pulpit of policy, even in our day. I will defend humanity against this monster which wants to destroy it; I dare to oppose Reason and Justice to sophism and crime; and I ventured my reflections on Machiavel's Prince, chapter by chapter, so that the antidote is immediately near the poison.

I always have regarded The Prince as one of the most dangerous works which were spread in the world;