Bio 1109 Second Prelim (chapters 13, 14 and 19)
Fruits and see dispersal
-
a chestnut: spines are for defense, not dispersal
-
Osage Orange: elephants and mosquito repellant
Coelacanth
-
only one species until 10 years ago
-
air breathing relatives of early lungfish developed skeleton
Tetrapoda (four limbs)
-
First terrestrial vertebrates
-
Limbs allow them to move on land
-
They have a “definitive tongue”
Amphibia (frogs, toads, tree frogs, salamanders, tropical caecilians)
-
Evolutionarily derived from early tetrapods
-
Most embryos and larvae must develop in water
-
Usually metamorphose to terrestrial adults
-
Lack an amniotic egg
-
Crytobranchids: adults reach 3.5 to 4ft long, closest relative of the earliest
tetrapods
Amniota (lay shelled eggs)
-
Terrestrially adapted shelled egg, internal fertilization and an integument that
is less leakey than that of amphibians
-
Ectdotermic and obtain excess heat from external sources (the sun)
Mamalia (hair, milk)
-
Endothermic amniotes with hair, which insulates their bodies, and
mammary glands, which produce milk
Monotremes (platypus and echidnas or spiny anteaters)
-
Lay eggs – they retain the primitive amniotic condition
Marsupials
(kangaroo, koala, opossum)
-
Short gestation (few days)
-
Tiny offspring complete development attached to the mother’s nipple
usually inside pouch
-
Marsupial mice and lions exist – have analogous similarities to
Eutherian mice and lions
Eutherians
(about 4,300 species), also called placentals
-
Relatively long gestation
-
Complete embryonic development occurs within the mother, and the
young are nourished via a placenta
-
We are placental animals
-
Zebras are close relatives of donkeys
Rodenia: 2025 species of rats, squirrels, porcupines, beavers
-
2 upper incisors, 2 lower incisors
-
Woodchucks and prairie dogs are squirrels
Chiroptera: about 1,000 species of bats
This
preview
has intentionally blurred sections.
Sign up to view the full version.
Insectivora: about 400 species of shrews, moles, hedgehogs, etc.
Carnivora: 275 species of dogs, cats, bears, weasels, raccoons
-
Skunks are weasels
Primates, 235 species of lemurs, monkeys, apes
Artiodactyla, more than 200 species of cows and deer
Cetacea, about 80 species of whales, porpoises
Perisodactyla, about 20 species of horses, rhinos, tapirs, zebras
Reptilia (scaly skin, many lay eggs)
Turtles
Lizards and snakes
Dinosaurs, etc.
-
Most diverse reptiles to inhabit land
-
Included some of the largest land animals
-
May have been endothermic, producing their own body heat
Crocodylia (crocodiles)
Aves (birds)
-
Teeth, wing claw, feathers, long tail with many
vertebrae
-
Have scales and lay amniotic eggs
-
Archaeopteryx: fossil member
-
Wings (homologous with human arms/forelimbs),
feathers, hollow bones
-
Highly efficient circulatory system and endothermic
metabolism
-
Nest building, acoustic communication (like reptiles)
Penguins
-
Flightless wings
-
Most charismatic of extant reptiles
Reproduction
Life cycle of multicellular organisms: growth and reproduction
Sea urchins serve as a model system for studying early development in animals
Reptiles are the closest living relatives to mammals
Cell division (Mitosis)

This is the end of the preview.
Sign up
to
access the rest of the document.
- Fall '06
- WINKLER,D.
- Genetics, DNA, Mitosis, Evolution
-
Click to edit the document details