Unformatted text preview: CASES IN
COMPARATIVE
POLITICS THIRD EDITION This page intentionally left blank CASES IN
COMPARATIVE
POLITICS
THIRD EDITION PATRICK H. O’NEIL, KARL FIELDS,
AND DON SHARE B
W . W . N O R T O N New York • & London C O M P A N Y W. W. Norton & Company has been independent since its founding in 1923, when
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
O’Neil, Patrick H., 1966–
Essentials of comparative politics / Patrick H. O’Neil, Karl Fields, and Don Share—
3rd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN: 978-0-393-93377-2 (pbk.)
1. Comparative government—Case Studies. I. Fields, Karl J. II. Share, Donald. III.
Title.
JF51.O538 2009
320.3—dc22 2009022518 ISBN: 978-0-393-11639-7 (ebook)
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10110
W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., Castle House, 75/76 Wells Street, London W1T 3QT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 ABOUT THE AUTHORS Patrick H. O’Neil is Professor of Politics and Government at the University
of Puget Sound in Tacoma, Washington. He has a Ph.D. in Political Science
from Indiana University. Professor O’Neil’s teaching and research interests
are in the areas of democratization, conflict and political violence. His publications include the books Revolution from Within: The Hungarian Socialist
Workers’ Party and the Collapse of Communism and Communicating Democracy: The Media and Political Transitions (editor).
Karl Fields is Professor of Politics and Government and Director of Asian
Studies at the University of Puget Sound in Tacoma, Washington. He has a
Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of California, Berkeley. Professor Fields’s teaching and research interests focus on East Asian political economy, including government-business relations, economic reform, and regional
integration. His publications include Enterprise and the State in Korea and
Taiwan.
Don Share is Professor of Politics and Government at the University of Puget
Sound in Tacoma, Washington. He has a Ph.D. in Political Science from Stanford University. He teaches comparative politics and Latin American politics,
and has published widely on democratization and Spanish politics. His books
include The Making of Spanish Democracy and Dilemmas of Social Democracy. v This page intentionally left blank BRIEF CONTENTS 1.
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14. INTRODUCTION
UNITED KINGDOM
UNITED STATES
FRANCE 31
75 115 GERMANY
JAPAN 1 157 200 RUSSIA 245 CHINA 285 INDIA 327 IRAN 369 MEXICO 407 BRAZIL 450 SOUTH AFRICA
NIGERIA 490 531 vii This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS PREFACE 1. xix INTRODUCTION 1 What Is Comparative Politics?
Comparing States 2 2
3 IN COMPARISON: TOTAL LAND SIZE 4 IN COMPARISON: POPULATION Comparing Regimes 5 IN COMPARISON: PERCEIVED CORRUPTION, 6 2008 IN COMPARISON: FREEDOM HOUSE RANKINGS, 8 2008 Comparing Political Conflict and Competition
IN COMPARISON: AVERAGE VOTER TURNOUT, Comparing Societies 1945–1998 13
14 15 IN COMPARISON: ETHNIC AND RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY Comparing Political Economies 16 18
19 IN COMPARISON: TOTAL GDP AT PURCHASING-POWER PARITY IN COMPARISON: TOTAL PER CAPITA GDP AT PURCHASING-POWER PARITY
IN COMPARISON: ECONOMIC INEQUALITY
IN COMPARISON: GDP GROWTH RATE, The Global Context 21 1975–2005 2. 2006 23 24 UNITED KINGDOM
Introduction 22 22 IN COMPARISON: HUMAN DEVELOPMENT SCORES, Conclusion 20 31 32 Why Study This Case? 32 Major Geographic and Demographic Features
Historical Development of the State 33 33
ix x CONTENTS Political Regime 39 Political Institutions 41 The Branches of Government
The Electoral System 43 48 Local Government 51 Political Conflict and Competition
The Party System
Elections 52 56 Civil Society Society 56 57 Class Identity 58 Ethnic and National Identity 59 Ideology and Political Culture Political Economy 61 62 Foreign Relations and the World
IN COMPARISON: EUROPEAN UNION Current Issues 3. 52 66 68 UNITED STATES
Introduction 65 75 76 Why Study This Case? 76 Major Geographic and Demographic Features
Historical Development of the State Political Regime 78 85 Political Institutions 86 The Branches of the Government
The Electoral System
Local Government 87 92
94 Political Conflict and Competition
The Party System
Elections
Civil Society Society 96 98
98 99 Ethnic and National Identity
Ideology and Political Culture
IN COMPARISON: ECONOMIC EQUALITY
IN COMPARISON: RELIGIOUS VALUES 99
100
102
104 95 77 CONTENTS Political Economy 105 Foreign Relations and the World
Current Issues 4. FRANCE 107 110 115 Introduction 116 Why Study This Case? 116 Major Geographic and Demographic Features
Historical Development of the State Political Regime 118 126 Political Institutions 126 The Branches of Government
The Electoral System
Local Government 127 134
135 Other Institutions: The French Bureaucracy Political Conflict and Competition
The Party System
Elections 136 136 140 141 Ethnic and National Identity 141 IN COMPARISON: RELIGION AND GOVERNMENT Ideology and Political Culture Political Economy
Current Issues GERMANY
Introduction 143 144 145 Foreign Relations and the World 5. 135 139 Civil Society Society 117 149 152 157
158 Why Study This Case? 158 Major Geographic and Demographic Features
Historical Development of the State Political Regime 171 Political Institutions 171 The Branches of Government 172 160 159 xi xii CONTENTS The Electoral System
Local Government 178
179 Political Conflict and Competition
The Party System
Elections 180 185 Civil Society Society 185 187 Ethnic and National Identity 187 Ideology and Political Culture Political Economy 189 190 Foreign Relations and the World
IN COMPARISON: MILITARY FORCE Current Issues 6. JAPAN 180 192 193 195 200 Introduction 201 Why Study This Case? 201 Major Geographic and Demographic Features
Historical Development of the State Political Regime 203 204 213 Political Institutions 214 The Branches of Government
The Electoral System
Local Government 214 217
219 Other Institutions: Bureaucracy and the Iron Triangle Political Conflict and Competition
The Party System and Elections
Civil Society Society 220 222 222 227 229 Ethnic and National Identity
Ideology and Political Culture Political Economy 229
231 232 Foreign Relations and the World
Current Issues 235 239 IN COMPARISON: PERCENTAGE OF THE POPULATION OVER AGE 65 240 CONTENTS 7. RUSSIA 245 Introduction 246 Why Study This Case? 246 Major Geographic and Demographic Features
Historical Development of the State Political Regime 256 The Branches of Government
The Electoral System
Local Government 257 263
264 Political Conflict and Competition
The Party System and Elections Society 266 272 Ideology and Political Culture Political Economy 272
274 275 IN COMPARISON: FREE MARKETS 277 Foreign Relations and the World
Current Issues CHINA
266 269 Ethnic and National Identity 8. 249 256 Political Institutions Civil Society 248 278 281 285 Introduction 286 Why Study This Case? 286 Major Geographic and Demographic Features
Historical Development of the State Political Regime 287 288 296 Political Institutions 297 Communist Party Institutions and Organs
The Branches of Government
Local Government 300 302 305 Other Institutions: The People’s Liberation Army Political Conflict and Competition 306 The Party System: The Chinese Communist Party
The Succession and Circulation of Elites
Civil Society 307 308 IN COMPARISON: IS THE STATE TOO POWERFUL? 305 309 306 xiii xiv CONTENTS Society 312 Ethnic and National Identity
Ideology and Political Culture Political Economy 312
312 317 Foreign Relations and the World
Current Issues 9. INDIA 320 322 327 Introduction 328 Why Study This Case? 328 Major Geographic and Demographic Features
Historical Development of the State Political Regime 330 341 Political Institutions 341 The Branches of Government
The Electoral System
Local Government 342 345
346 Political Conflict and Competition
The Party System
Elections 347 347 351 Civil Society Society 352 354 Ethnic and National Identity
Ideology and Political Culture 354
355 IN COMPARISON: FEARS ABOUT FOREIGN INFLUENCE Political Economy Current Issues IRAN 356 357 Foreign Relations and the World 10. 329 360 364 369 Introduction 370 Why Study This Case? 370 Major Geographic and Demographic Features
Historical Development of the State Political Regime 382 Political Institutions 383 372 371 CONTENTS The Branches of Government
The Electoral System
Local Government 384 387
388 Other Institutions: The Revolutionary Guard and the Basij Political Conflict and Competition 389 The Rise and Fall of Political Reform 390 Civil Society Society 392 393 Ethnic and National Identity 393 Ideology and Political Culture 395 IN COMPARISON: CLASH OF CIVILIZATIONS? Political Economy 398 Foreign Relations and the World
Current Issues 11. MEXICO 397 400 403 407 Introduction 408 Why Study This Case? 408 Major Geographic and Demographic Features
Historical Development of the State Political Regime 417 Political Institutions 417 The Branches of Government
The Electoral System
Local Government 418 421
422 Political Conflict and Competition
The Party System
Elections 423 423 429 Civil Society Society 410 430 433 Ethnic and National Identity 433 Ideology and Political Culture Political Economy 434 436 Foreign Relations and the World
Current Issues 440 442 IN COMPARISON: THE IMPORTANCE OF FOREIGN REMITTANCES
TO THE MEXICAN ECONOMY 443 409 388 xv xvi CONTENTS 12. BRAZIL 450 Introduction 451 Why Study This Case? 451 Major Geographic and Demographic Features
Historical Development of the State Political Regime 453 462 Political Institutions 462 The Branches of Government
The Electoral System
Local Government 463 466
468 Other Institutions: The Military and the Police Political Conflict and Competition
The Party System and Elections
Civil Society Society 470 470 474 Ideology and Political Culture Political Economy 474
476 477 Foreign Relations and the World
Current Issues Introduction 481 483 SOUTH AFRICA 490 491 Why Study This Case? 491 Major Geographic and Demographic Features
Historical Development of the State Political Regime 502 The Branches of Government
The Electoral System
Local Government 504 506
507 Political Conflict and Competition
The Party System and Elections
Civil Society 494 502 Political Institutions Society 469 473 Ethnic and National Identity 13. 452 508 512 514 Racism in the Rainbow Nation 514 508 492 CONTENTS Ethnic and National Identity
Ideology and Political Culture Political Economy 515
516 518 Foreign Relations and the World
Current Issues 14. NIGERIA 521 524 531 Introduction 532 Why Study This Case? 532 Major Geographic and Demographic Features
Historical Development of the State Political Regime 542 Political Institutions 544 The Branches of Government
The Electoral System
Local Government 545 548
550 Other Institutions: The Military 551 Political Conflict and Competition
The Party System
Elections 534 551 551 552 Civil Society 554 IN COMPARISON: CHOOSING BETWEEN A GOOD DEMOCRACY
AND A STRONG ECONOMY Society 555 556 Ethnic and National Identity
Ideology and Political Culture Political Economy 556
558 559 Foreign Relations and the World
Current Issues Index 569 564 562 533 xvii This page intentionally left blank PREFACE Cases in Comparative Politics can be traced to an ongoing experiment undertaken by the three comparative political scientists in the Politics and Government Department at the University of Puget Sound. Over the years the
three of us spent much time discussing the challenges of teaching our introductory course in comparative politics. In those discussions we came to realize that each of us taught the course so differently that students completing
our different sections of the course did not really share a common conceptual vocabulary. Over several years we fashioned a unified curriculum for
Introduction to Comparative Politics, drawing on the strengths of each of our
particular approaches.
All three of us now equip our students with a common conceptual vocabulary. All of our students now learn about states, nations, and different models of political economy. All students learn the basics about nondemocratic
and democratic regimes, and they become familiar with characteristics of
communist systems and advanced democracies. In developing our curriculum, we became frustrated trying to find cases that were concise, sophisticated, and written to address the major concepts introduced in Patrick H.
O’Neil’s textbook, Essentials of Comparative Politics. Thus, we initially coauthored six cases adhering to a set of criteria:
■ ■ ■ Each case is concise, making it possible to assign an entire case, or even
two cases, for a single class session.
All cases include discussion of major geographic and demographic features, themes in the historical development of the state, political regimes
(including the constitution, branches of government, the electoral system,
and local government), political conflict and competition (including the
party system and civil society), society, political economy, and current
issues. This uniform structure allowed us to assign specific sections from
two or more cases simultaneously.
The cases follow the general framework of Essentials of Comparative Politics but could also be used in conjunction with other texts.
xix xx PREFACE After the publication of the initial six cases (the United Kingdom, Japan,
China, Russia, Mexico, and South Africa), we received positive feedback from
teachers of comparative politics. Drawing on their comments and suggestions,
we wrote new cases to accommodate individual preferences and give instructors more choice. We subsequently added cases on Brazil, France, India, Iran,
the United States, and Nigeria. Based on feedback from instructors, this third
edition adds Germany, bringing the total number of cases to thirteen.
Selecting only thirteen cases is, of course, fraught with drawbacks. Nevertheless, we believe that this collection represents countries that are both
important in their own right and representative of a broad range of political
systems. Each of the thirteen cases has special importance in the context of
the study of comparative politics. Five of our cases (France, Germany, Japan,
the United States, and the United Kingdom) are advanced industrial democracies, but they represent a wide range of institutions, societies, political economic models, and relationships with the world. Japan is an important
instance of a non-Western industrialized democracy and an instructive case
of democratization imposed by foreign occupiers. While the United Kingdom
and the United States have been known for political stability, France and Germany have fascinating histories of political turmoil and regime change.
Two of our cases, China and Russia, share a past of Marxist-Leninist totalitarianism. Communism thrived in these two large and culturally distinct
nations. Both suffered from the dangerous concentration of power in the
hands of communist parties and, at times, despotic leaders. The Soviet Communist regime imploded and led to a troubled and incomplete transition to
capitalism and democracy. China has retained its communist authoritarian
political system but has experimented with a remarkable transition to a largely
capitalist political economy.
The remaining six cases illustrate the diversity of the developing world.
Of the six, India has had the longest history of stable democratic rule, but like
most countries in the developing world, it has nevertheless struggled with
massive poverty and inequality. The remaining five have experienced various
forms of authoritarianism. Brazil and Nigeria endured long periods of military rule. Mexico’s history of military rule was ended by an authoritarian political party that ruled for much of the twentieth century through a variety of
nonmilitary means. South Africa experienced decades of racially based authoritarianism that excluded the vast majority of its population. Iran experienced
a modernizing authoritarian monarchy followed by its current authoritarian
regime, a theocracy ruled by Islamic clerics.
In writing the cases we have incurred numerous debts. First, and foremost, we wish to thank our wonderful colleagues in the Department of Politics and Government at the University of Puget Sound. By encouraging us to
develop a common curriculum for our Introduction to Comparative Politics PREFACE offering, and by allowing us to team-teach the course in different combinations, they allowed us to learn from each other. These cases are much stronger
as a result. The university has also been extremely supportive in recognizing
that writing for the classroom is as valuable as writing scholarly publications,
and in providing course releases and summer stipends toward that end. Student assistants Brett Venn, Jess Box, and Liz Kaster proved extremely helpful in conducting research for our various cases; Irene Lim has, as always,
supported us with her amazing technical and organizational skills. Our colleague Bill Haltom provided very helpful input throughout the project. Debby
Nagusky contributed valuable copyediting assistance.
We very much appreciate the many helpful comments we have received
from fellow instructors of comparative politics, including Emily Acevedo (California State University, Los Angeles), Josephine Andrews (University of California, Davis), Alex Avila (Mesa Community College), Jeremy Busacca (Whittier
College), William Heller (Binghamton University), Robert Jackson (University
of Redlands), Ricardo Larémont (Binghamton University), Mary Malone (University of New Hampshire), Pamela Martin (Coastal Carolina University), Mark
Milewicz (Gordon College), John Occhipinti (Canisius College), Anthony
O’Regan (Los Angeles Valley College), Paul Rousseau (University of Windsor),
and José Vadi (Cal Poly, Pomona). We would especially like to thank Emmanuel
J. Teitelbaum, from the Department of Political Science at the George Washington University, and Peter H. Loedel, Professor and Chair of the Department
of Political Science at West Chester University, for providing insightful feedback on this most recent edition.
Many thanks to all the folks at Norton—Peter Lesser, Ann Shin, Roby Harrington, and Aaron Javsicas—who have contributed to the success of this project. Finally, we thank our students at the University of Puget Sound who
inspired us to write these cases and provided valuable feedback throughout
the entire process.
Don Share
Karl Fields
Patrick H. O’Neil
Tacoma, WA 2009
A note about the data: The data that are presented throughout the text in numerous tables, charts, and other figures are drawn from the CIA World Fact unless
otherwise noted. xxi This page intentionally left blank 1 INTRODUCTION United
Kingdom Germany Russia France
United
States Japan
China Mexico
Nigeria Iran
India Brazil
South Africa 1 2 CH. 1 INTRODUCTION WHAT IS COMPARATIVE POLITICS? C omparative politics is the study and comparison of poli...
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