IDs●Social Contract○Who:■Locke, Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau○What:■The idea that people are voluntary giving up parts of their rights to thestates for security and safety■Rousseau’s “the Social Contract” (1750): created origins of civil societyand legitimate government, criticized social inequality and privateproperty, argued against division of sovereignty; agreement that give upindividual rights for the overall protection of the state○When:■Became popular mainly in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries (during theage of Enlightenment)○Where:■Mainly Europe and North America○WHY (significance):■It helped inspire political reforms and revolutions in Europe, especially inFrance (French Revolution)■Also formed the ideological foundation for American society in the 1787US constitution■It was more modern (during the age of Enlightenment) because itrecognized that people had rights (people weren’t assumed to have rightsin order to give some of them up to the states before then). As a result ofsocial change and social progress, people started to recognize theserights●Meiji Restoration○Who:■The Japanese Emperor, who claimed that his revolution was merely a"restoration" of the emperor to his throne.○What:■The overthrow of the Tokugawa bakufu in Japan in 1868 and the"restoration" of power to the imperial government under the EmperorMeiji.■It abolishes the shogunate and restores the emperor as head of theadministration.■Forced daimyo to yield their lands to the government and eliminated thesamurai class.○When:■1868-1912○Where:■Japan○Why (significance):
■It abolished the shogunate and change the structure of Japanesegovernment.■This reversion to a highly centralized and militarized form of governmentreflected the trend in many 19th century nations, including the US, Italy,and Germany. The newly centralized state of Japan matches the notionthat the interests of states came above those of the individual or ofreligion; this is known as Staatspolitik in German.●Coolies○Who:■Poor laborers from China and India■Indentured servants○What:■Left their homelands to do hard manual and agricultural work in otherparts of the world■Indentured servants whose condition was close to slavery.○When:■19th and early 20th centuries○Where:■They moved to the US (Hawaii), Australia, Latin America, South Africa,and even the Caribbean○Why (significance):■They moved for better economic opportunities■They worked on US railroads●Suez Canal○Who:■Egypt, France, UK were all involved○What:■An artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the MediterraneanSea to the Red Sea○When:■1869○Where:■Egypt○WHY (significance):■Major powers fought over it (Suez Crisis)■The UK and France conspired with Israel to let the Israelis (who had badrelations with Arabs in general) invade the canal, allowing the English andFrench to intervene and declare the tenuous canal under Anglo-Frenchprotection●US did not back this●Bismarck○Who:■Was the Chancellor of the German Empire from 1871 until 1890
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