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UNG Press Books University of North Georgia Press 8-19-2013 History in the Making: A History of the People of
the United States of America to 1877
Catherine Locks
Sarah Mergel
Pamela Roseman
Tamara Spike Follow this and additional works at:
Part of the United States History Commons
Recommended Citation
Locks, Catherine; Mergel, Sarah; Roseman, Pamela; and Spike, Tamara, "History in the Making: A History of the People of the United
States of America to 1877" (2013). UNG Press Books. Book 1.
This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the University of North Georgia Press at Nighthawks Open Institutional Repository. It has been
accepted for inclusion in UNG Press Books by an authorized administrator of Nighthawks Open Institutional Repository. History in the Making
A History of the People of the
United States of America to 1877 History in the Making: A History of the People of the United States of America to 1877
Edition 1, Version 3 Release Date: August 19, 2013 Written By:
Catherine Locks Sarah Mergel, PhD Pamela Roseman, PhD Tamara Spike, PhD Project Editor:
Marie Lasseter, EdD “Creating A More Educated Georgia”
270 Washington Street, S.W.
Atlanta, GA 30334
U.S.A.
“Local is Global”
University of North Georgia
Dahlonega, GA 30598
U.S.A. History in the Making: A History of the People of the United States of
America to 1877 is licensed by The University System of Georgia under
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to be (after a reasonable investigation) either public domain or carry a compatible Creative Commons license. If you are the copyright owner of images in this book and you have not authorized the use of your work under these terms, please contact the University Press of North Georgia at [email protected] to have the content removed. ISBN: 978-0-9882237-3-8 Produced by: The University System of Georgia Published by: The University Press of North Georgia Dahlonega, Georgia [email protected] We invite you to contact the University Press of North Georgia directly with any feedback or comments regarding this book. Instructional Design: Marie Lasseter Cover Design: Lacey Pyle Layout and Format Design: Lacey Pyle, Marie Lasseter, and April Loebick © 2013 The University System of Georgia History in the Making AcknowledgeMentS
The University System of Georgia would like to acknowledge the special efforts
put forth by certain individuals, and their institutions, who worked on making
this book possible. We extend a special thanks to Dr. Sarah Mergel, Dalton State
College; Dr. Tamara Spike, University of North Georgia; Dr. Pamela Roseman,
Georgia Perimeter College; and Ms. Catherine Locks, Fort Valley State University.
This book would not have been possible without the support of these institutions
and the dedication and generosity of these faculty authors.
Thanks to Dr. Marie Lasseter and Dr. Mike Rogers, from the University System
of Georgia Academic Affairs office, who have long advocated for the use of open
educational resources and open textbooks as one way to help ease the high cost
of a college education for students and their families. Without their guidance and
encouragement this book would not have materialized. Dr. Lasseter provided
overall oversight and guidance for this project and provided years of experience
of working with collaborative groups to develop and design educational materials.
Her knowledge and experience in developing and using open educational resources
was a valuable resource to the team.
We gratefully acknowledge the University Press of North Georgia, in particular Dr.
Bonnie Robinson and Ms. April Loebick, for their role in guiding the publication
process. Under Dr. Robinson’s direction they worked tirelessly with the authors
during all phases of the work, ensuring that this textbook achieves the high quality
and scholarly standards our faculty and students expect.
We wish to extend a special thanks to eCore Administrative Services, especially
Ms. Christy Talley Smith, for providing faculty authors, guidance, and support
throughout the development process.
The guidance and support provided by all the members who contributed to this
work was essential for the success of the project. Each of these individuals has
engaged in open philanthropy, an act of generosity and a desire to contribute to,
and encourage, the success of students everywhere. This is what educators do.
As Thomas Jefferson said, “He who receives ideas from me receives instruction
himself without lessening mine; as he who lights his taper at mine receives light
without darkening me.”
This is an open textbook, freely available for anyone to access, reuse, adapt, and
redistribute. It is a dynamic entity that will continue to be updated and edited
to suit the needs and the instructional goals of the users. We are grateful for the
efforts of those who will continue this process. Page | i History in the Making AUtHor Biogr APHieS
catherine locks: Catherine Locks is an instructor and also an instructional technologist/designer from
Richmond, Virginia. She received her BS in history
from Longwood University(1986) and her MA in
history(2000) and MEd in instructional technology
from Georgia College & State University(2002). She
teaches online courses for the University System of
Georgia’s eCore program, and face-to-face courses
for Fort Valley State University. Her areas of interest
include pre-history, ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt and
Rome, medieval English history, and colonial American
history, particularly of the mid-Atlantic region.
As an instructional designer, Ms. Locks has built several online courses, including
the first US History I course for Central Georgia Technical College. She is interested
in usability and accessibility in the online environment, the impact of technology
on education and improving the instructor and student online experience. She was
drawn to this textbook project due to the goals of making a textbook that would be
affordable, accessible in several formats, and written and organized in such a way
as to be approachable for students.
Ms. Locks would like to first thank her co-authors, Tamara Spike, Pamela
Roseman and especially the ever patient and ever available Sarah Mergel, as well
as the others who made this project happen—Marie Lasseter, Mike Rogers, BJ
Robinson, April Loebick, and Christy Talley Smith. She would also like to thank
some very special people—Dr. Deborah Vess a pioneer who was putting history and
technology together long before many in the field found it acceptable, Dr. Robert
J. Wilson III who convinced Ms. Locks that American and Georgia history were
actually fascinating, Dr. Frank Lowney a true innovator in the use of educational
technology who taught Ms. Locks more than he’ll ever know, Dr. Andrea Novak,
the most generous mentor, friend and example of how to behave in meetings and
Dr. Fred R. van Hartesveldt, who always has time to listen—even when he almost
certainly has none. Finally and most importantly, Ms. Locks wants to thank her
family for their never ending support and especially her son, Benjamin, who more
than anyone else has had to put up with her throughout this marvelous madness. Page | ii History in the Making AUtHor Biogr APHieS
Sarah k. Mergel, Phd: Sarah Mergel received her BA in history and sociology from Boston College (1997) and her MA and PhD in history from The
George Washington University (2002/2007). She works as an Assistant Professor
of History at Dalton State College in Northwest Georgia teaching both face-to
face and online classes. She specializes in American political, intellectual, and
diplomatic history since the end of the Civil War. Much of her work in History
in the Making: A History of the People of the United States of America to 1877
focuses on political and economic developments in the Colonial Era, the Federalist
Era, the Jacksonian Era, and the Civil War Era.
Dr. Mergel has published several books and articles on twentieth century political
figures and reform movements. Conservative Intellectuals and Richard Nixon:
Rethinking the Rise of the Right (2009) examines how conservative intellectuals
influenced and reacted to political and social developments during the Nixon
administration. A Biography of John M. Gillespie: A Teamster’s Life (2009) looks
at an influential member of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters in the years
before World War II. Her chapter for the Chronology of the U.S. Presidency (2012)
was on Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Finally, she had published several encyclopedia
articles on the populist movement, the origins of the New Deal, the Vietnamization
program, the postwar conservative movement, the emergence of neoconservatism,
and several political figures.
Dr. Mergel would like to thank her co-authors, Cathy Locks, Tam Spike, and Pam
Roseman for their willingness share ideas and write together to complete this
open textbook. She also wants to say how much she appreciates how diligently
Marie Lasseter, BJ Robinson, and April Loebick
worked on helping this open textbook come together.
Moreover, she wants to thank Mary Nielsen, the Dean
of Liberal Arts, and Judy Cornett, the Chair of Social
Sciences, as well as Matthew Hipps, Seth Weitz and the
other members of the Department of Social Sciences
Dalton State for their support during the project. They
helped clarify her thoughts on such varied things as
mercantilism and the Bill of Rights and encouraged her
to keep writing even when it seemed like the writing
process would never end and. Finally, Dr. Mergel
wants to thank her family, especially Carolyn Mergel
(her mom), for their willingness to listen to her ramble
on about all things history. Page | iii History in the Making AUtHor Biogr APHieS
Pamela thomas roseman, Phd: Born in Jacksonville, Florida, Pamela
T. Roseman received her BA from Florida State University, did her MA work at
Florida State and Georgia State Universities, and received her PhD from Georgia
State University in 1980. Her fields of concentration include American Intellectual
history, Renaissance and Reformation Europe, Tudor-Stuart England, and U.S. and
Latin American colonial history. Her Master’s Thesis explores Puritan motivation in
the settlement of New England; her dissertation is entitled Millennial Expectation
Among Southern Evangelicals in the Mid-19th century.
Dr. Roseman, a Professor of History at Georgia Perimeter College (GPC), has
taught at the College since 1986, where from 1992-1999 she was also the Director of
GPC’s Center for Teaching and Learning. Dr. Roseman became involved in online
course development and delivery in 2000 when she and five other historians from
University System of Georgia (USG) institutions created the early American course
for the University System’s electronic CORE (eCore), an initiative of the USG
Chancellor at the time. In 2002 this course won recognition as a WebCT Exceptional
Course. Since 2000 she has developed and taught online courses in World History
and currently teaches in the Online Program of Georgia Perimeter College.
Between 2004 and 2007 Dr. Roseman participated in two U.S. Department of
Education Teaching American History grants in which six professors from the
University System of Georgia taught, mentored, and developed instructional
materials for high school teachers from three metropolitan Atlanta school districts.
The work accomplished in the grant cycles came as the result of faculty collaboration;
this was also true of developing the eCore early American history course and the
current eText, History in the Making: A History of the American People of the
United States of America to 1877.
Dr. Roseman has been a Governor’s Teaching Fellow, a Georgia Perimeter College
Instructional Technology Scholar, a Georgia Perimeter College Fellow and an
Academic Vice President’s Teaching Scholar. She has been active in the Georgia
Association of Historians for many years, serving for a time on the Executive Board,
in the Georgia Association for Women in Higher Education, for which she was Vice
President and President, and as the Coordinator for the State of Georgia of the
National Council of Staff and Organizational Development.
Dr. Roseman would like to thank the Board of Regents of the State of Georgia, and
especially Mike Rogers, Assistant Vice Chancellor for Faculty Development, for
making this project possible; project director, Marie
Lasseter for her perseverance and patience in working
with the historians; editors from the University of
North Georgia, BJ Robinson and April Loebick, for their
helpful comments, and her fellow writers. Most of all
she thanks her family: daughter, Amanda Colbenson of
Brooklyn, New York, and husband, Gary Roseman, for
their encouragement, patience, humor and insights and
especially to Gary for convincing her that U.S. history
did not end in 1789.
With the support of family all things are possible.
Dr. Roseman lives in Decatur and on St Simons Island,
Georgia.
Page | iv History in the Making AUtHor Biogr APHieS
tamara Spike, Phd: Tamara Spike is a historian of colonial Latin America and the indigenous peoples
of the Americas. She is an Associate Professor in the
Department of History, Anthropology, and Philosophy
at the University of North Georgia. Dr. Spike earned
her MA and PhD in History from Florida State
University, and holds a dual BA in Anthropology and
Classical Archaeology. She has worked as a professional
archaeologist on historic and prehistoric digs
throughout Florida. From 1999-2010, she was a staff
member of the Guadalajara Census Project, a group
which works to analyze censuses from the city spanning
the years 1790-1930, and to digitize these censuses for
use by scholars, genealogists, and the public (http://
). She is the English language editor of both Volume I
and II of the published databases of the Guadalajara Census Project. Dr. Spike’s
publications include “Making History Count: The Guadalajara Census Project
(1791-1930)” in the Hispanic American Historical Review, “Si todo el mundo
fuera Inglaterra: la teoría de Peter Laslett sobre la composición de las unidades
domésticas vs. la realidad tapatía, 1821-1822,” in Estudios Sociales Nueva Época,
“St Augustine’s Stomach: Indian Tribute Labor and Corn in Florida, 1565-1763” in
Florida’s Labor and Working-Class Past: Three Centuries of Work in the Sunshine
State, and “Death and Death Ritual among the Timucua of Spanish Florida,” in
From La Florida to La California. Her research focuses on the ethnogenesis and
cultural reconstruction of the Timucua Indians of Spanish Florida.
In addition to the people and organizations thanked in the acknowledgements,
Tamara Spike would like to extend her thanks to her family and the members of
her department for their support. Page | v History in the Making History in the Making: A History of the People of the United States of America to 1877 contents
ChaPtEr OnE: UnItED StatES hIStOry BEfOrE COlUmBUS .......... 1 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................ 2 1.2 Origins ....................................................................................... 3 1.3 The Paleo-Indian Era through the Agricultural Revolution .................. 8 1.4 The Pre-Contact Era (1000-1492 CE) ............................................ 18 ChaPtEr tWO: thE GlOBal COntExt: aSIa, EUrOPE, anD afrICa In thE Early mODErn Era ................................................ 29 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................. 30 2.2 Europe in the Age of Discovery: Portugal and Spain ........................ 31 2.3 Asia in the Age of Discovery: Chinese Expansion During the Ming Dynasty .................................. 37 2.4 Europe in the Age of Discovery: England and France ....................... 41 2.5 Africa at the Outset of the Age of Discovery and the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade ............................................................................... 46 ChaPtEr thrEE: InItIal COntaCt anD COnqUESt ....................... 66 3.1 Introduction .............................................................................. 67 3.2 The Impact of “Discovery”: The Columbian Exchange ...................... 69 3.3 The Iberian Countries in the New World ......................................... 78 3.4 Control: The Iberian Nations Manage Their New World Territories ...... 86 3.5 Alternate Models of Control: The French and Dutch in the Americas ... 91 ChaPtEr fOUr: thE EStaBlIShmEnt Of EnGlISh COlOnIES BEfOrE 1642 anD thEIr DEvElOPmEnt thrOUGh thE latE SEvEntEEnth CEntUry ................................................................ 109 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 111 4.2 The English Background ............................................................ 113 4.3 Roanoke, Raleigh’s Lost Colony ................................................... 117 4.4 Jamestown .............................................................................. 126 4.5 The Chesapeake Colonies: Maryland ............................................ 147 4.6 The Establishment of the New England Colonies ............................ 154 4.7 The Puritans and the Indians ...................................................... 172 4.8 New England in the Late Seventeenth Century: Declension, Witchcraft, and the Dominion of New England .............. 175 ChaPtEr fIvE: EnGlISh COlOnIzatIOn aftEr 1660 ................... 195 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 196 5.2 The English Background, 1660-1715 ........................................... 197 5.3 The Carolinas ........................................................................... 202 5.4 The Middle Colonies .................................................................. 208 5.5 Georgia: The Final Colony .......................................................... 228 Page | vi History in the Making ChaPtEr SIx: GrOWInG PaInS In thE COlOnIES ........................ 247 6.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 248 6.2 Colonial Administration .............................................................. 249 6.3 The Enlightenment and the Great Awakening ................................ 260 6.4 Colonial Conflicts and Wars ........................................................ 267 ChaPtEr SEvEn: thE rOaD tO rEvOlUtIOn, 1754-1775 ............. 288 7.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 289 7.2 The French and Indian War (1754-63) ......................................... 291 7.3 The End of the Seven Years War and Worsening Relations .............. 296 7.4 The Downward Slide to Revolution, 1772-1775 ............................. 308 ChaPtEr EIGht: thE amErICan rEvOlUtIOn .............................. 329 8.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 330 8.2 The Second Continental Congress, 1775-1781 .............................. 331 8.3 Revolutionary War Battles .......................................................... 337 8.4 The Impact of War .................................................................... 352 8.5 The Treaty of Paris, 1783 ........................................................... 364 ChaPtEr nInE: artIClES Of CO...
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