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TRADE WORK FOR
PEOPLE United Nations Development Programme EARTHSCAN Publications Ltd. MAKING GLOBAL TRADE WORK FOR PEOPLE [-2], (2) Lines: 21 t
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[-2], (2) MAKING GLOBAL TRADE
WORK FOR PEOPLE
United Nations Development Programme Earthscan Publications Ltd
London and Sterling, Virginia Published for
United Nations
Development Programme First published in the UK and USA in 2003
by Earthscan Publications Ltd
Copyright © 2003
United Nations Development Programme
One United Nations Plaza
New York, NY 10017
All rights reserved
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 1 85383 982 5 paperback
1 85383 981 7 hardback DISCLAIMER
The responsibility for opinions in this book rests solely with its authors. Publication does not constitute an endorsement by the United Nations Development Programme or the institutions of the
United Nations system or the Heinrich Böll Foundation, Rockefeller Brothers Fund, Rockefeller
Foundation, or Wallace Global Fund.
Design and layout by Communications Development, Washington, DC
Printed in the UK by The Bath Press
Cover by Yvonne Booth based on a design by Karin Hug
Cover photographs: floating market, hands and camel train © Panos Pictures
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Earthscan is an editorially independent subsidiary of Kogan Page Ltd and publishes in association
with WWF-UK and the International Institute for Environment and Development
This book is printed on elemental chlorine-free paper CONTENTS
P REFACE
A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS
A BBREVIATIONS
G LOSSARY
O VERVIEW
PART 1 M AKING
T RADE xi
xv
xix
xxi GLOBAL TRADE WORK FOR PEOPLE FOR HUMAN DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND TRADE
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT—THE CONCEPT AND ITS IMPLICATIONS
LINKING TRADE AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
IS TRADE LIBERALIZATION GOOD FOR GROWTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT?
DOES TRADE LIBERALIZATION IMPROVE GENDER OUTCOMES?
HOW DO GENDER INEQUALITIES AFFECT TRADE PERFORMANCE?
WHAT REALLY MATTERS FOR TRADE AS PART OF A BROADER INDUSTRIALIZATION 1
19
21
21
24
28
32
33
34
41
42
43 AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY KEY MESSAGES
NOTES
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 2 THE GLOBAL TRADE REGIME
CAN THERE BE FAIR OUTCOMES WITHOUT FAIR PROCESSES?
THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION—A MAJOR SHIFT IN GLOBAL TRADE RULES
THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION’S FORMAL GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE
SPECIAL AND DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT
ANNEX 2.1 EXCEPTIONS FROM WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION COMMITMENTS 49
49
53
54
55
58 FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ANNEX 2.2 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
IN WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION AGREEMENTS
NOTES
REFERENCES 59
60
60 CHAPTER 3 TOWARDS A HUMAN DEVELOPMENT–ORIENTED GLOBAL TRADE REGIME
THE MULTILATERAL TRADE REGIME AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
A TRADE REGIME FRIENDLY TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IS POSSIBLE
FROM A MARKET EXCHANGE TO A HUMAN DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVE
NOTES
REFERENCES 63
63
68
70
70
71 v CONTENT S CHAPTER 4 REFORMS TO THE GLOBAL GOVERNANCE OF TRADE
CHANGES NEEDED IN THE GLOBAL TRADE REGIME
BACKGROUND ANALYSIS AND ADDITIONAL ISSUES
ANNEX 4.1 REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS AND THE MULTILATERAL REGIME
NOTES
REFERENCES PART 2 A GREEMENTS AND ISSUES 73
73
77
93
100
102 105 CHAPTER 5 AGRICULTURE
SHOULD AGRICULTURE BE TREATED DIFFERENTLY?
TARIFFS AND MARKET ACCESS
SUBSIDIES
FOOD SECURITY, EMPLOYMENT AND LIVELIHOODS
PROPOSALS FOR THE FUTURE
NOTES
REFERENCES 109
109
112
117
123
135
141
143 CHAPTER 6 COMMODITIES
A BRIEF HISTORY
THE SITUATION TODAY
PROPOSALS FOR THE FUTURE
NOTE
REFERENCES 147
147
149
154
155
155 CHAPTER 7 INDUSTRIAL TARIFFS
MARKET ACCESS SINCE THE URUGUAY ROUND
HIGHER TARIFFS AND POLICY SPACE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
THE WAY FORWARD
NOTES
REFERENCES 157
158
161
162
165
165 CHAPTER 8 TEXTILES AND CLOTHING
THE ROAD TO AGREEMENT ON TEXTILES AND CLOTHING: A HISTORICAL REVIEW
GROWTH IN TEXTILE AND CLOTHING TRADE
THE UNDERLYING DYNAMICS OF THE AGREEMENTS ON TEXTILE AND CLOTHING TRADE
FACTORS AND EVENTS INFLUENCING THE PRESENT SITUATION IN TEXTILE 167
167
169
171 THE FUTURE OUTLOOK FOR TEXTILE AND CLOTHING TRADE
REFERENCES 172
178
182 CHAPTER 9 ANTI-DUMPING
THE FAULTY ECONOMIC LOGIC OF ANTI-DUMPING—INDUSTRY AND CONSUMERS BOTH SUFFER
PROBLEMS WITH ANTI-DUMPING METHODOLOGY
EFFECTS OF ANTI-DUMPING ON DEVELOPING COUNTRY EXPORTERS
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES’ GROWING USE OF ANTI-DUMPING
THE WAY FORWARD
REFERENCES 185
186
187
189
190
192
193 AND CLOTHING TRADE vi CONTENT S CHAPTER 10 SUBSIDIES
DEFINITION OF AND LIMITS ON SUBSIDIES
ISSUES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
THE WAY FORWARD
REFERENCES 195
195
197
200
200 CHAPTER 11 TRADE-RELATED ASPECTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
THE TRIPS AGREEMENT
TRIPS IN THE CONTEXT OF DEVELOPMENT
IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: LINKS WITH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
TRIPS ‘PLUS’
SETTING THE AGENDA
ANNEX 11.1 MAIN PROVISIONS OF THE TRIPS AGREEMENT
ANNEX 11.2 TRIPS AND TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE
NOTES
REFERENCES 203
203
205
208
219
221
224
225
226
229 CHAPTER 12 TRADE-RELATED INVESTMENT MEASURES AND INVESTMENT
THE TRIMS AGREEMENT
WHERE WE ARE NOW
THE WAY FORWARD
INVESTMENT
NOTES
REFERENCES 235
235
236
240
242
252
253 CHAPTER 13 GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TRADE IN SERVICES
FEATURES AND STRUCTURE OF THE AGREEMENT
OPPORTUNITIES PROVIDED BY THE AGREEMENT
PROBLEMS CREATED BY THE AGREEMENT: ACTUAL FLEXIBILITY
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IMPLICATIONS OF THE AGREEMENT AT THE SECTORAL LEVEL:
OPERATIONALIZING BENEFICIAL ARTICLES
THE WAY FORWARD
NOTES
REFERENCES 255
255
258
261 CHAPTER 14 COMPETITION POLICY
EXPERIENCE WITH DOMESTIC COMPETITION POLICY AND LESSONS FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
THE NEED FOR DOMESTIC COMPETITION POLICY IN TODAY’S WORLD
AN INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT ON COMPETITION POLICY IN THE
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
THE WAY FORWARD
NOTES
REFERENCES 287
287
291 CHAPTER 15 TRANSPARENCY IN GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT
GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT UNDER THE MULTILATERAL TRADE REGIME
THE DEVELOPMENT DILEMMA
A DIRECTION FOR THE FUTURE
NOTES
REFERENCES 297
297
299
300
301
301 vii 265
275
280
282 292
294
294
295 CONTENT S CHAPTER 16 TRADE FACILITATION
POTENTIAL FOR INCREASED VULNERABILITY
IMPLEMENTATION AND OPPORTUNITY COSTS
A WAY FORWARD
NOTE
REFERENCES 303
303
305
306
306
306 CHAPTER 17 STANDARDS
ISSUES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
A WAY FORWARD
NOTE
REFERENCES 309
310
314
314
315 CHAPTER 18 TRADE AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
WHY DO ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS AND THE MEASURES USED TO ACHIEVE THEM
MATTER TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT?
DO SOCIETIES FACE TRADE-OFFS BETWEEN HIGH ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
AND TRADE AND INVESTMENT FLOWS?
WHAT PRINCIPLES SHOULD GUIDE THE MANAGEMENT OF TRADE-OFFS BETWEEN
ENVIRONMENTAL AND TRADE POLICIES?
WHICH PROCEDURES AND INSTITUTIONS SHOULD BE ENTRUSTED WITH MANAGING
TRADE-OFFS BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL AND TRADE POLICIES?
A WAY FORWARD
REFERENCES 317 CHAPTER 19 STRENGTHENING CAPACITIES
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE AFTER DOHA
NOTE
REFERENCES 335
336
339
340
340 320
321
322
327
330
331 B OXES
1.1
1.2
1.3
2.1
2.2
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
6.1
6.2
6.3 ECONOMIC GROWTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
TRADE THEORY
TRADE, POVERTY AND GROWTH IN THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE GLOBAL TRADE REGIME
UNDERLYING FEATURES OF GATT 1947 AND WTO 1995
THE AGREEMENT ON AGRICULTURE: HISTORY, PROMISE AND WHERE WE ARE NOW
AN EXAMPLE OF A TARIFF RATE QUOTA
DOMESTIC SUPPORT MEASURES UNDER THE AGREEMENT ON AGRICULTURE
EUROPEAN DUMPING OF MILK POWDER IN JAMAICA
THE 2002 US FARM SECURITY AND RURAL INVESTMENT ACT (FARM BILL)
EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL TRADE AGREEMENTS IN THE PHILIPPINES AND MEXICO
MOVING TO NON-TRADITIONAL EXPORTS: THE EXPERIENCE IN CENTRAL AMERICA
THE DEVELOPMENT BOX
THE CASE OF COFFEE
THE CASE OF COTTON
THE CASE OF SHEA BUTTER
viii 23
25
34
50
52
110
114
118
121
124
132
134
139
150
152
153 CONTENT S 7.1
7.2 ARE INDUSTRIAL TARIFFS REALLY HIGHER IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES?
THE CASE OF LABOUR-INTENSIVE MANUFACTURING
BANGLADESH’S LOST OPPORTUNITIES FOR HUMAN DEVELOPMENT DUE TO HIGH
TARIFFS IN INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES 13.4
13.5
13.6
13.7 DO REDUCTIONS IN INDUSTRIAL TARIFFS RESULT IN DEINDUSTRIALIZATION?
TRADE TAXES AND DEVELOPMENT POLICY
MILESTONES IN AGREEMENTS ON TEXTILES AND CLOTHING TRADE
LEEWAY IN THE AGREEMENT ON TEXTILES AND CLOTHING
WELFARE GAINS FROM LIBERALIZING TEXTILES AND CLOTHING TRADE:
QUALIFICATIONS TO THE MODELS
QUOTA RENTS: THE CASE OF HONG KONG, CHINA (SAR)
WAYS TO GET AROUND THE SAFEGUARDS OF THE AGREEMENT ON TEXTILES
AND CLOTHING
EFFECTS OF PHASING OUT THE MULTIFIBRE ARRANGEMENT ON
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN BANGLADESH
THE ORIGINS, INITIAL USE AND EVOLUTION OF ANTI-DUMPING
ANTI-DUMPING ACTIONS AS TRADE HARASSMENT: THE CASE OF VIETNAMESE CATFISH
SUBSIDIES—A CRUCIAL TOOL FOR DEVELOPMENT
SMALL ECONOMIES, EXPORT SUBSIDIES AND COUNTERVAILING ACTIONS
FISHING FOR SUBSIDIES
TRIPS: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
BRAZIL’S EXPERIENCE WITH IMPLEMENTING TRIPS
ILLUSTRATIVE SUI GENERIS SYSTEMS
THE REVISED BANGUI AGREEMENT, 1999
THE HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS ON INVESTMENT
COMPLAINTS ABOUT INDONESIA’S CAR PROGRAMME
T WO EXAMPLES OF NAFTA’S CHAPTER 11 ON INVESTOR-STATE RELATIONSHIPS
THE GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TRADE IN SERVICES:
HISTORY AND WHERE WE ARE NOW
OVERALL COVERAGE OF THE GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TRADE IN SERVICES
AN EXAMPLE OF A GOVERNMENT SCHEDULE ON A MODE OF SERVICE:
CHILE AND MODE 3
THE REQUEST-OFFER APPROACH AND THE FORMULA APPROACH
WOMEN AND FINANCIAL LIBERALIZATION
INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT OF LABOUR: THEORY AND EMPIRICS
SOME OF INDIA’S PROPOSALS ON REMOVING LIMITATIONS ON THE MOVEMENT 13.8
13.9
13.10
14.1
15.1
16.1
17.1
17.2
18.1 CONSTRUCTION: A SERVICE SECTOR OF INTEREST TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
SERVICES AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: THE ENERGY SECTOR
SERVICES AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: THE ENVIRONMENT SECTOR
COMPETITION POLICY IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT: A BRIEF HISTORY
GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT AND THE WORLD TRADE REGIME: A BRIEF HISTORY
TRADE FACILITATION: A BRIEF HISTORY
MULTILATERAL AGREEMENTS ON STANDARDS: A BRIEF HISTORY
THE MEAT HORMONE DISPUTE
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND GATT/WTO: A HISTORY OF IMPLICIT POLICY-MAKING 7.3
7.4
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
9.1
9.2
10.1
10.2
10.3
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
12.1
12.2
12.3
13.1
13.2
13.3 OF NATURAL PERSONS ix 160
162
163
164
168
173
176
177
180
181
186
191
197
198
200
204
206
210
219
220
237
241
250
256
258
259
263
271
273
276
277
278
279
288
298
304
310
312
319 CONTENT S 18.2
18.3
18.4
18.5 EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD
E CONOMIC LIBERALIZATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT
T HE SHRIMP - TURTLE DISPUTE
R IO PRINCIPLES FOR MANAGING TRADE - OFFS BET WEEN TRADE 321
322
324 AND THE ENVIRONMENT 18.6
19.1 P ROPOSALS IN THE 1990 S ON ENVIRONMENT AND TRADE
T ECHNICAL ASSISTANCE IN W ORLD T RADE O RGANIZATION 327
328
337 AGREEMENTS F IGURES
1.1
1.2
1.3
5.1
5.2
5.3
7.1 F ROM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT TO GROW TH — AND BACK
LOW IMPORT TARIFFS ARE GOOD FOR GROW TH ? T HINK AGAIN
TARIFFS DID NOT IMPEDE GROW TH IN I NDIA
F OOD EXPORTS AS A SHARE OF FOOD IMPORTS IN THE LEAST DEVELOPED
AND OTHER DEVELOPING COUNTRIES , 1971–99
S HARES OF WORLD EXPORTS OF GOODS AND SERVICES FROM THE LEAST
DEVELOPED AND OTHER DEVELOPING COUNTRIES , 1980–99
F OOD IMPORTS AS A SHARE OF ALL MERCHANDISE IMPORTS IN THE
LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES , BY COUNTRY, 1997–99
S IMPLE TARIFFS ON MANUFACTURED GOODS IN THREE GROUPS OF
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 9.1
9.2 A NTI - DUMPING
A NTI - DUMPING
1986–99 INITIATIONS , BY COUNTRY GROUP, 1995–99 26
29
31
127
129
130
159
190 INITIATIONS BY INDUSTRIAL AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES , 192 TABLES
1.1
4.1
5.1
8.1
8.2
9.1
13.1 35
T HE WASHINGTON C ONSENSUS
WTO- MEDIATED DISPUTES BETWEEN DEVELOPING AND INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES ,
84
BY AGREEMENT CATEGORY, 1 J ANUARY 1995–9 S EPTEMBER 2002
115
E XAMPLES OF 1995 TARIFF QUOTA RATES
169
T EXTILE AND CLOTHING EXPORTS OF 13 LEADING EXPORTERS , 1965–96
P OST –U RUGUAY R OUND TARIFF RATES AND CONCESSIONS IN
SELECTED COUNTRIES AND GROUPS
177
190
A NTI - DUMPING CASES FILED AGAINST TRANSITION ECONOMIES , 1995–99
260
A N EXAMPLE OF A GOVERNMENT SCHEDULE FOR ENGINEERING SERVICES A NNEX
2.1 TABLES E XCEPTIONS FROM WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION COMMITMENTS 58 FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 2.2
11.1
11.2 S PECIAL PROVISIONS FOR THE LEAST DEVELOPED
IN W ORLD T RADE O RGANIZATION AGREEMENTS
M AIN PROVISIONS OF THE TRIPS A GREEMENT
TRIPS AND TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE x COUNTRIES 59
224
225 P REFACE Trade has been an indispensable engine for economic growth across the world
throughout human history. But while that growth has in many instances been
translated into sustained poverty reduction, the connection is not automatic.
Amidst the street riots of Seattle in 1999, the question of whether the international
trading system as currently structured helps or hinders the progress of developing
countries was called into question.
Almost immediately, that meeting became a kind of Rorschach test for how
different constituencies view globalisation. Supporters of open markets and free
trade claimed progress was held back by the inaction of some governments and
misunderstanding or obstruction by some civil society organisations. Opponents,
pointing to the fact that 60 countries from all parts of the world got poorer over
the last decade, declared that the combination of unfettered capitalism and rigged
trade rules was in practice leaving developing countries further and further behind.
They also criticized the double standards of some industrialized countries that
preach free trade but do not practice it themselves.
And with big business, civil society, labour, and rich and poor governments
alike all noisily blaming each other for the failure to agree on a new trade round,
the general public was left confused about the details but—as was clearly evidenced
in a raft of opinion polls across both the developing and industrialized world—
increasingly convinced that something was going wrong with the great globalisation experiment.
Trade can, and must, be made to work as an engine of growth and indeed of
human development. What is needed to enable this is a serious, systematic effort
to apply the lessons of history, which show that, with very few exceptions, today’s
rich countries in the past enjoyed many of the protections they now seek to deny
developing countries, only dismantling them after growing wealthier and more
powerful. It is also important to ensure that the multilateral trade regime is better
aligned with broader objectives of human development: helping poor people
everywhere gain the tools, opportunities and choices to build a better life for themselves, their families and their communities. This is the only way to reverse the current disaffection with globalisation. xi PREFACE With this goal firmly in mind, the United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP), the Rockefeller Brothers Fund and the Rockefeller Foundation commissioned the Trade and Sustainable Human Development Project in mid-2000 to
help flesh out exactly what this might mean in practice. The Ford Foundation,
Heinrich Böll Foundation and Wallace Global Fund joined this effort in subsequent
months. And while this book is the product of that initiative, the process of preparing it has in many ways been as important as the final result.
The Project was divided into five main phases. First was to commission
papers by respected independent scholars and experts from academia and civil
society. Second, to convene an advisory team of concerned and internationally
respected experts to critically assess the background paper outlines and advise on
overall project strategy. Third, to prepare the draft and final background papers.
Fourth, to use the draft papers as inputs into a series of consultations with developing country governments and civil society organisations in the Asia, Africa, Latin
America and the Arab States region in the lead-up to the World Trade Organization
(WTO) Ministerial Conference in Doha in November 2001, to obtain their feedback and understand their concerns more fully. And last, to draw on all of these
and other inputs to prepare and finalize this book.
By engaging with a very wide range of experts across government, academia
and civil society, the Project has provided a platform for a wide range of views and
recommendations—ranging from issues of intellectual property to agricultural
reform to capacity building to helping developing countries participate more effectively in trade negotiations—on how to make the multilateral trade regime work
more effectively for poor people and for human development. As a result, it is
important to stress that the recommendations in the book are not necessarily a
reflection of the policy of its sponsors. While we hope and believe that many of the
recommendations will have direct relevance for the work of the Project’s sponsors,
the main aim of this book has been to provide a substantive basis for refocusing
discussion and debate around the broad issue of how trade can best contribute to
human development.
Our hope is that this book will provide policymakers, practitioners, civil society groups and others engaged in trade issues with some concrete ideas on how to
move forward. This is important because unless we can give developing countries
the means and voice to participate as full partners in a more inclusive global trade
system, the world has little prospect of meeting its shared agenda of the Millennium
Development Goals. xii Team for the preparation of Making Global Trade Work for People
Coordinator and lead author
Kamal Malhotra
Core research and writing team
Chandrika Bahadur
Selim Jahan
Mümtaz Keklik
Kamal Malhotra Principal consultants for
background papers
Nilüfer Çagatay
˘
Dani Rodrik
Third World Network Contributors
Özlem Altyok,
´ Susan Benjamin, Janine Berg, Murray Gibbs, Taisuke Ito,
Abdelaziz Megzari, William Milberg, Bonapas Onguglo, Andreas Pfeil, Moeed
Pirzada, Marina Ponti, Bharati Sadasivam, Swarnim Wagle, Jake Werksman
Principal editor
Bruce Ross-Larson [-2], (2) Lines: 21 t
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[-2], (2) A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS The initial co-sponsors of the Trade and Sustainable Human Development Project
and this book were the United Nations Development Programme, the Rockefeller
Brothers Fund and the Rockefeller Foundation. The Ford Foundation, Heinrich Böll
Foundation, and Wallace Global Fund joined the effort in subsequent months. The
generous contributions of many other individuals and organizations—contributions that took the form of intense consultations and the preparation and sharing
of policy research papers and other inputs have played an equally important role. EMINENT PERSONS GROUP The book has benefited enormously from the overall guidance of a group of eminent
experts in global economic policies, governance, trade and human development. The
group comprised: Gerald Helleiner, Professor, Department of Economics and
Distinguished Research Fellow, Munk Centre for International Studies, University of
Toronto; Noeleen Heyzer, Executive Director, United Nations Development Fund for
Women (UNIFEM); Vice-Minister Yong-Tu Long, Ministry of Trade and Economic
Cooperation, People’s Republic of China; Ambassador Ali Said Mchumo, Deputy
Secretary General, East African Community, and ambassador and permanent representative of the United Republic of Tanzania to the UN and other offices in Geneva
and Vienna and WTO Ambassador till recently, and chair of the WTO General
Council between February 1999 and February 2000; Deepak Nayyar, ViceChancellor, University of Delhi; and Jose Antonio Ocampo, Executive Secretary, UN
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). PEER REVIEW GROUP The book has also benefited greatly from intellectual advice and guidance from a
peer review group of experts on trade, governance and human development. This
group comprised: Yilmaz Akyüz, Georges ...
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