Ling Test 2 Cheat Sheet.docx - Part I. Positively Relevant...

Part I.
Positively Relevant
- A statement is positively relevant to another statement if it counts in favor of that statement.
Example: Dogs are cats. Cats are felines. So dogs are felines. All dogs have five legs. Rover is a dog. So Rover has
five legs.
Negatively relevant
- Statements that count against other statements are said to be negatively relevant:
Example: Marty is a high-school senior. So, Marty likely has a Ph.D. Althea is two years old. So, Althea probably
goes to college.
Logically irrelevant
- A statement is logically irrelevant to another statement if it counts neither for nor against that
statement.
Example: The earth revolves around the sun. Therefore, marijuana should be legalized.
Part II.
Ambiguous
- Two or more distinct meanings and the context does not make clear which meaning is intended.
Example: Headline: PROSTITUTES APPEAL TO POPE. Appeal can mean two different things
Example: Headline: KIDS MAKE NUTRITIOUS SNACKS. “Make” can mean two different things
Vagueness
- Meaning of a word is fuzzy and inexact.
Example: Headline: Students are doing good things. It is unclear what “good things” are.
Overgeneral
- Information they provide is too broad and unspecific in a given context.