Unformatted text preview: RESIDENTIAL END USES OF WATER STUDY 2013 UPDATE i Page ii is for Water Research Foundation use. RESIDENTIAL END USES OF WATER STUDY UPDATE Prepared by:
William B. DeOreo, P.E., Peter W. Mayer, P.E.
Aquacraft, Inc. Water Engineering and Management
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Water Research Foundation
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ISBN xxx-x-xxxxx-xxx-x
Printed in the U.S.A. 5| RESIDENTIAL END USES OF WATER STUDY UPDATE TABLE OF CONTENTS
RESIDENTIAL END USES OF WATER STUDY 2013 UPDATE i RESIDENTIAL END USES OF WATER STUDY UPDATE .................................................... III
DISCLAIMER .............................................................................................................................. IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................... V
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ XI
LIST OF FIGURES .....................................................................................................................XV
CONVERSION FACTORS .....................................................................................................XVIII
FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................. XIX
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................................................................... XXI
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .....................................................................................................XXIII
OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................ xxiii
BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................... xxiii
APPROACH .................................................................................................................. xxiv
LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................... xxv
RESULTS ...................................................................................................................... xxvi
Results from Surveys ............................................................................................... xxvi
Results from Billing Analysis ................................................................................ xxviii
Results form End Use Analysis ............................................................................... xxix
Hot Water Use........................................................................................................ xxxvi
Outdoor Use ........................................................................................................... xxxvi
Diurnal Use .................................................................................................................. xl
Models of Water Use .................................................................................................. xli
Benchmarking and Estimates of Conservation Potential .......................................... xliii
CONCLUSIONS.............................................................................................................. xlv
From the Agency Surveys .......................................................................................... xlv
From the Customer Surveys...................................................................................... xlvi
From Water Use Statistics ....................................................................................... xlvii
From Models ............................................................................................................. xlix
From Benchmarks .......................................................................................................... l
APPLICATIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS. ...................................................................... l
MULTIMEDIA .................................................................................................................. lii
INTRODUCTION AND GOALS OF PROJECT ........................................................................ 53
LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................. 56
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 56
v vi | RESIDENTIAL END USES OF WATER STUDY UPDATE HUNTER CURVES.......................................................................................................... 56
1984 HUD STUDY........................................................................................................... 57
NEW APPROACHES IN THE 1990’S ............................................................................ 58
FLOW TRACE ANALYSIS ............................................................................................ 59
HEATHERWOOD STUDIES .......................................................................................... 60
1999 RESIDENTIAL END USES OF WATER .............................................................. 61
END USE RESEARCH: AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND ................................... 62
TARGETED END USE STUDIES IN THE U.S. ............................................................ 65
CALIFORNIA RESIDENTIAL BASELINE AND EPA NEW HOME STUDIES ........ 66
END USE RESEARCH IN EUROPE AND BEYOND ................................................... 67
RECENT END USE RESEARCH IN THE U.S. ............................................................. 68
RESEARCH METHODS ............................................................................................................. 69
OVERALL STUDY ORGANIZATION .......................................................................... 69
OBTAIN INFORMATION FROM UTILITIES .............................................................. 69
Utility Information Part 1 – Selecting the Sample of 1,000 SF customers (Q1000) .. 69
Utility Information Part 2 – Utility and Program Information ................................... 70
Utility Information Part 3 – GIS and parcel level data (Level 1 sites only) ............... 70
SURVEY IMPLEMENTATION ...................................................................................... 72
SELECTION OF LOGGING GROUPS ........................................................................... 72
SELECTION OF HOT WATER GROUPS ..................................................................... 73
LANDSCAPE ANALYSIS .............................................................................................. 73
Irrigated Areas and Efficiencies.................................................................................. 74
Landscape Ratios ........................................................................................................ 74
Theoretical Irrigation Efficiencies .............................................................................. 74
Estimation of Annual Outdoor Water Use .................................................................. 75
Application Ratios ...................................................................................................... 76
DATA LOGGING ............................................................................................................ 76
FLOW TRACE ANALYSIS ............................................................................................ 76
TRACE WIZARD IDENTIFICATION OF COMMON HOUSEHOLD FIXTURES .... 78
Toilets ......................................................................................................................... 79
Clothes Washers.......................................................................................................... 81
Showers ....................................................................................................................... 83
Dishwashers ................................................................................................................ 85
Water Treatment ......................................................................................................... 85
Leakage & Continuous Events.................................................................................... 86
Irrigation ..................................................................................................................... 88
Faucet Use ................................................................................................................... 90
Other Uses ................................................................................................................... 90
DATABASE CONSTRUCTION ..................................................................................... 90
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS .......................................................................................... 90
REGRESSION MODELING............................................................................................ 90
INFORMATION ON PARTICIPATING AGENCIES ................................................................ 91
SELECTION OF STUDY SITES ..................................................................................... 91
DEMOGRAPHICS AND CENSUS INFORMATION .................................................... 92
CLIMATE AND DROUGHT........................................................................................... 94 TABLE OF Contents | vii Measures of Climate ................................................................................................... 94
Official Drought Status ............................................................................................... 97
CUSTOMER BASE.......................................................................................................... 99
Size.............................................................................................................................. 99
Sectors ....................................................................................................................... 100
Trends in Expansion and Contraction ....................................................................... 101
WATER SUPPLY .......................................................................................................... 102
WATER RATES............................................................................................................. 103
Blocks and Breakpoints ............................................................................................ 103
Billed Amounts and Average Prices ......................................................................... 105
Marginal Prices ......................................................................................................... 112
CONSERVATION PRACTICES ................................................................................... 114
Staffing and Budget .................................................................................................. 114
Indoor Conservation Measures ................................................................................. 115
Irrigation Conservation ............................................................................................. 119
Information for Households ...................................................................................... 122
Conservation Planning .............................................................................................. 123
Water Loss ................................................................................................................ 125
SUMMARY OF SURVEY RESPONSES ................................................................................. 127
RESPONSE RATE ......................................................................................................... 127
COMPARISON OF SURVEY RESPONSES ................................................................ 128
Survey Questions ...................................................................................................... 128
Hardware Survey Responses..................................................................................... 129
Demographics ........................................................................................................... 135
Behavior .................................................................................................................... 138
Irrigation ................................................................................................................... 141
Judgment ................................................................................................................... 143
PROJECT DATABASES ........................................................................................................... 147
SURVEY RESPONSE DATA ....................................................................................... 148
FLOW TRACE DATA ................................................................................................... 148
COMBINED DATA ....................................................................................................... 148
DAILY USE DATA ....................................................................................................... 149
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS .................................................................................................... 149
ANNUAL AND SEASONAL USE................................................................................ 149
INDOOR END USES OF WATER ................................................................................ 154
Total Indoor Household Water Use .......................................................................... 154
Comparison of Non-seasonal and Indoor Water Use ............................................... 157
Indoor End Use Analysis .......................................................................................... 160
Penetration Rates for High Efficiency Devices ........................................................ 182
HOT WATER USE......................................................................................................... 183
Daily Hot Water Use ................................................................................................. 183
Energy Use for Water Heating .................................................................................. 185
Seasonal Use of Hot Water ....................................................................................... 185
Hot Water Use for End Uses ..................................................................................... 186 viii | RESIDENTIAL END USES OF WATER STUDY UPDATE OUTDOOR USE ANALYSIS ........................................................................................ 190
Lot Size and Landscape Area ................................................................................... 190
Outdoor Water Use ................................................................................................... 194
Irrigation Application Rates ...................................................................................... 194
Theoretical Irrigation Requirements ......................................................................... 195
Irrigation Application Ratios .................................................................................... 196
Excess and Net Irrigation Volumes .......................................................................... 199
DIURNAL USE .............................................................................................................. 201
MODELS OF WATER USE ...................................................................................................... 204
DESCRIPTION OF MODELING DATABASE ............................................................ 206
DEFINITION OF DEPENDENT VARIABLES ............................................................ 206
MODEL ESTIMATION AND SPECIFICATION PROCESSES .................................. 207
Models of indoor uses ............................................................................................... 208
MODELS OF SELECTED “INDOOR” END USES ..................................................... 211
Toilet Flushing .......................................................................................................... 211
Showers and Baths .................................................................................................... 213
Clothes Washers........................................................................................................ 214
Faucets ...................................................................................................................... 215
Leaks ......................................................................................................................... 217
Summary Comparison of Estimated “Indoor” Elasticities ....................................... 218
Example Application of Results ............................................................................... 219
MODEL OF LANDSCAPE USE ................................................................................... 221
ASSESSMENT OF CONSERVATION POTENTIAL AND BENCHMARKING .................. 225
ANALYSIS OF BILLING DATA SUMMARIES BY CUSTOMER SECTORS ......... 225
Comparisons of Annual Usage Rates in Single-Family Sector ................................ 229
Single-Family Seasonal and Non-seasonal Usage Rates .......................................... 230
INDOOR USE BENCHMARKS FROM END USE LOGGING DATA ...................... 233
Comparison of REUWS #1 and #2 Studies – Water Savings ................................... 235
Conservation Benchmarks and Water Savings Potential .......................................... 236
Conservation Benchmarks for Ultra-Efficient Fixtures and Appliances .................. 237
Indoor Conservation Index for Individual Study Sites ............................................. 240
Outdoor Use Benchmarks from Landscape Analysis and End Use Logging Data... 246
Feasibility of Developing Benchmarks for Outdoor Use ......................................... 246
Estimating Conservation Potential in Outdoor Water Use ....................................... 247
Long-Term Conservation Potential and Short-Term Drought Contingency
Curtailment ............................................................................................................... 249
CONCLUSIONS......................................................................................................................... 251
From the Agency Surveys ......................................................................................... 251
From the Customer Surveys...................................................................................... 251
From Water Use Statistics ........................................................................................ 252
From Models .....................................
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