soc exam review.pdf - exam review sports Soc:...

exam review sports Soc:
participations rates, know the numbers
adams, scepticism
lisa on ice, how it relates to gender roles
love and frye on masculinity
4 types of crowd violence
hooliganism, know the chart and the numbers
modernisation dépendance and world systems theories, all 3
rational action in sport, weber
Week 7 (Gender & Sexuality)
• Differences between social constructionism and biological determinism (gender
context)
Biological determinists tend to think inequality is the result of biology. The belief is that
since the differences are innate and natural, why bother to fight for a more equitable
society The trouble is that despite all the scientific (both physical and social) evidence to
the contrary, these ideas are still pretty common and are used to justify and maintain
positions of wealth, status and power, both individually and collectively and out of a fear of
changes to the current dominant order that makes up our social structure - human social
behaviour is a product pf human biology.
Social constructionism - a critique of biological determinism. Used as a method to explain
the tremendous cross-cultural and historical variations of masculine and feminine
behaviour. if gendered behaviours were determined by biology they would look the same
everywhere.
• Sport institutions in North America
When modern sporting institutions were developed in Europe and North
America in the 19
th
century, they were designed by and for men as devices to
prepare young men for the station determined by their class
• Coverage for Women’s sport
Coverage of women’s sport has declined in the past twenty years
A report tracking the coverage of women’s sport on the ESPN highlights
show SportsCenter demonstrates that women’s sport now accounts for 1.3%
to 1.6% of the show’s total content
Sports reporters routinely mention women’s appearances and their romantic
and family lives as a means of imposing a heteronormative frame over
narratives
The fear of appearing too masculine or as a lesbian has kept many women
from choosing sports traditionally defined as male

• Participation rates for non-elite athletes
Despite increases in the participation of women and girls, men still participate in sport at
twice the rate of women
A Statistics Canada survey (2010) shows that only 35% of men and 16% of women
participate regularly in sport
Women’s declining participation in sport activities may be related to various
developments such as less time, domestic division of work, and other fitness activities
such as walking and yoga
• Adams & Leavitt on being sceptical of growth in women’s hockey (article)
they examine the structural inequalities of gender and relations of power
to consider whether and how historically-entrenched inequalities are being challenged,
eradicated and/or maintained in girls’ minor hockey in an area of Canada with relatively
low participation numbers.