1. How the elements found in the universe were formed.pptx...

HOW THE ELEMENTS FOUND IN
THE UNIVERSE WERE FORMED
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS: THE BEGINNING OF ELEMENTS

HOW THE ELEMENTS FOUND IN THE UNIVERSE
WERE FORMED
Nucleosynthesis: The Beginning of Elements
Learning Competencies 1 to 4
1. The Formation of the Light Elements in the Big
Bang Theory
2. The Formation of Heavier Elements during Star
Formation and Evolution
3. The Nuclear Fusion Reactions in Stars
4. How Elements Heavier than Iron are Formed

NUCLEOSYNTHESIS: THE BEGINNING OF ELEMENTS
What is Big Bang
Theory?
The big bang theory is a
cosmological model
stating that the
universe started its
expansion about 13.8
billion years ago. Pieces
of evidence supporting
this theory are (1)
occurrence of redshift,
(2) background
The Formation of the Light Elements
in the Big Bang Theory

Redshift
In the 1910s, Vesto Slipher and Carl Wilhelm Wirtz
measured the wavelengths of light from spiral
nebulae, which are interstellar clouds of dust and
ionized gases. They discovered that the light from
the nebulae increased in wavelength. They
explained their discovery as a Doppler shift.
The Doppler shift or Doppler effect explains that
when an object gets closer to us, its light waves are
compressed into shorter wavelengths (blueshifted).
On the other hand, when an object moves away
from us, its light waves are stretched into longer
wavelengths (redshifted).
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS: THE BEGINNING OF ELEMENTS
The Formation of the Light Elements
in the Big Bang Theory

Redshift
Slipher and Wirtz then explained that the redshift or
increase in wavelength was due to the increase in
the distance between the Earth and the nebulae.
They concluded that the redshift occurred due to
the expansion of space.
In 1929, Edwin Hubble used the redshift of light
from galaxies to calculate the velocities and
distances of these galaxies from the Earth. He
discovered that they were moving away from the
Earth and from each other. His calculations
supported the theory that the universe is
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS: THE BEGINNING OF ELEMENTS
The Formation of the Light Elements
in the Big Bang Theory

Cosmic Microwave Background
Radiation
In 1965, Robert Wilson and
Arno Penzias discovered a
low, steady “hum” from
their Holmdel Horn antenna
(an antenna built to support
NASA’s Project Echo). They
concluded that the noise is
Cosmic Microwave
Background Radiation
(CMBR), the remains of
energy created after the big
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS: THE BEGINNING OF ELEMENTS
The Formation of the Light Elements
in the Big Bang Theory

Abundance of Light
Elements
The observed abundance of light elements supports
the big bang theory. The theory predicts that the
universe is composed of 73% hydrogen and 25%
helium by mass. The prediction correlated to the
measured abundances of primordial material in
unprocessed gas in some parts of the universe with
no stars.