Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Set #1
3 Essential Concepts to All Living Things
Principle of Complementary of Structure and Function
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Organs are located and shaped in a way that allows them to perform their jobs
effectively
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Function always reflects structure
Hierarchy of Structural Organization
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Cells
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Tissues
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Organs
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Systems
Homeostasis
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State of equilibrium maintained by physiological mechanisms
Reproductive System
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Overall function is to produce offspring
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There are major differences in the reproductive system of males and females
Survival needs
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Needed to maintain life
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Food, oxygen, water, correct temp. , and atmosphere pressure
Homeostasis and Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
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The ability to maintain stable internal conditions even though the external
environment around it changes
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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms - Variable: change; Receptor: monitor; Control
Center: set point; Effector; response
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Without homeostasis death usually occurs
Negative Feedback Loops
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Most common type
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Brings back variable to initial setting
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Nervous and endocrine help maintain
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Goal: to prevent sudden and severe changes in the body
Positive Feedback Loops
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Least common type
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Allows variable to continue in the same direction as the initial change
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Typically leads to end result
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Not related to homeostasis
Homeostatic Imbalance
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Most disease is considered to be a result of a disturbance in homeostasis
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As we age, our homeostatic system becomes less efficient, as a result more
health issues arise
Set #2
Anatomical Position
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Describes standard body position where the body is erect with feet slightly apart,
hands down to the side with palms facing forward
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Bilateral Symmetry
Directional Terms
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Superior (cranial): toward head end or upper part
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Inferior (caudal): away from head or toward lower part
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Anterior (ventral): toward the front of the body; in front of
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Posterior (dorsal): toward or at the back of; behind
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Medial: toward the middle
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Lateral: toward outer edge of the body
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Intermediate: between as medial and a more lateral structure
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Proximal: closer to the body or
point of attachment
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Distal: further from body or point of attachment
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Superficial: relating to depth, toward outer surface
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Deep: relating to depth, more internal
Regional terms
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Axial division: head, neck, trunk
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Appendicular division: limbs, appendages
Body Planes and Sections
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Sagittal plane: vertical division
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Mid-saggital: goes directly down the middle
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Parasagittal: offset from the midline
Transverse or Horizontal Plane
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Horizontal right-left
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Divides body into superior and inferior parts
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Also called cross section
Frontal Plane
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Run vertically
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Divides body into anterior and posterior parts
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Coronal plane
Body Cavities
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In the axial division there are two dorsal cavities
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Cranial cavity (brain)
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Spinal cavity (cord)
Ventral Body Cavity
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2 subdivisions
1.
Thoracic cavity
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Pleural cavity: lungs
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Mediasitrium: esophagus, trachea, heart
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Pericardial cavity: caintains heart
Abdominopelvic Cavity
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Separated from the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm
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