Student version HEENT Resp 2 .pptx - Pulmonary Disorders &...

Pulmonary Disorders & Pharmacology
Dr. Krystal Canady, DNP, APRN, MSN,
FNP-C, RN

Lung Anatomy
●
The lungs are located at the center of the
thoracic cavity
●
Lungs receive air from the upper
respiratory tract structures
●
Two lobes of lung tissue on the left (upper
and lower)
●
Three lobes of lung tissue on the right
(upper, middle, and lower)
_________________= common area for
aspiration pneumonia (this can be auscultated
in right axillary region)

Lung Anatomy
●
Respiratory tract structures: nose,
oropharynx, larynx, trachea, two main
bronchi and bronchioles
●
Upper structures: conducts air to the lower
airways, protects lungs from foreign
materials, filters, humidifies, and warms air
for the lungs
●
Lower structures: involved in gas exchange

Gas Exchange
●
Occurs within bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
●
Blood is oxygenated and carbon dioxide is excreted at the alveoli
●
**Important function of hemoglobin: to combine with oxygen in the lungs,
release oxygen to peripheral tissues, and then collects carbon dioxide
from the tissues and carries back to the lungs to be excreted
●
_______: muscle that separates the abdomen from the thoracic cavity
●
Inspiration: expansion of the lungs by diaphragm moving downward
●
Expiration: lung deflation with air movement
●
ABGs provide information regarding gas exchange

Arterial Blood Gas
●
ABG: blood is drawn from artery
●
Blood acidity (pH) levels, O2 levels, and CO2 levels measured
●
This test helps determine how well your lungs are moving oxygen into the
blood and removing carbon dioxide out of the blood

Alkalosis vs. Acidosis

Signs of Lung Pathophysiology
●
________= shortness of breath ** most common sign
●
Cough
●
Hemoptysis
●
Atelectasis
●
Hypoxia
(clubbing of fingers occurs in chronic hypoxia)
●
Impending Respiratory Failure

Normal Ventilation
●
Oxygen (O2) into venous blood and Carbon dioxide (CO2) out of the
pulmonary capillary. In the lungs ventilation is the process that mixes fresh
inspired gas with alveolar gas.
●
In the case of no ventilation there will be no replenishment of oxygen (O2)
and no removal of carbon dioxide (CO2). PAO2 will fall and PACO2 will rise
towards the venous O2 and CO2 tensions. _________________ = high levels
of CO2
●
Hypoxia , which is insufficient oxygen levels in the blood to meet the needs of
tissue can be caused by any condition that alters gas exchange across the
alveolar membrane.

Assessment of Adventitious Breath Sounds

Respiratory Rates/Patterns

Diagnostic Testing
●
ABGs
●
Pulse Oximetry: monitors oxygen saturation of hemoglobin; normal: 95-100%
●
Chest X-Ray
●
CT- computed tomography
●
Bronchoscopy
●
Thoracentesis
●
Culture and Sensitivity Testing

Respiratory Infections: Overview
●
Respiratory infections range from a self containing diagnosis of the common cold to
a more life-threatening condition such as tuberculosis.